Download PDF
Planta Med 2017; 83(08): 684-692
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-121754
Biological and Pharmacological Activity
Original Papers
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Antiobesity and Lipid Lowering Effects of Orthosiphon stamineus in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Atefehalsadat Seyedan
1   Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
,
Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh
1   Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
,
Mustafa Ahmed Alshagga
1   Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2   School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
,
Zahurin Mohamed
1   Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 01 August 2016
revised 01 November 2016

accepted 14 November 2016

Publication Date:
19 December 2016 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The present study investigated the antiobesity and lipid lowering effects of an ethanolic extract of leaves obtained from Orthosiphon stamineus (200 and 400 mg/kg) and its major compound (rosmarinic acid, 10 mg/kg) in obese mice (C57BL/6) induced by a high-fat diet. Continuous supplementation with O. stamineus extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 8 weeks significantly decreased body weight gain (p < 0.05). However, supplementation with rosmarinic acid, a constituent in the extract, produced only a slight reduction in body weight gain compared to the high-fat diet control group. Food intake between the treatment and the high-fat diet groups was similar, which suggested that the plant extract did not suppress food intake. Further, body weight reduction of the treatment groups was not due to a decreased reduction in energy intake. Compared to the high-fat diet-fed group, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in the treated groups, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were not significantly altered. Accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets induced by a high-fat diet was markedly inhibited by O. stamineus extract. In addition, O. stamineus significantly diminished liver malondialdehyde production, and significantly elevated the activities of hepatic superoxidase dismutase. The present study showed that an ethanolic extract prepared from the leaves of O. stamineus can significantly reduce a gain in body weight, enhance antioxidant activity, and possess hypolipidemic and antiobesity effects, thereby protecting against the adverse effects of high-fat diet-induced obesity.

Key words

Orthosiphon stamineus - Lamiaceae - rosmarinic acid - obesity - hypolipidemic - high-fat diet

Supporting Information

Determination of the phytochemical contents (total saponins, flavonoids, and phenolics) of the O. stamineus extract is available as Supporting Information (Table 1S). The composition of the HFD (TD.06 414, 60 % fat) (Table 2S) and an HPLC/UV chromatogram of rosmarinic acid in O. stamineus (Fig. 1S) are also available as Supporting Information.

 

  • References

  • 1 Billington CJ, Epstein LH, Goodwin NJ, Hill JO, Pi-Sunyer FX, Rolls BJ, Stern J, Wadden TA, Weinsier RL, Wilson G. Overweight, obesity, and health risk. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 898-904
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Must A, Anderson S. Pediatric mini review. Body mass index in children and adolescents: considerations for population-based applications. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30: 590-594
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Gillman MW, Poston L. Maternal Obesity. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2012
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Kang JG, Park CY. Anti-obesity drugs: a review about their effects and safety. Diabetes Metab 2012; 36: 13-25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Ballinger A, Peikin SR. Orlistat: its current status as an anti-obesity drug. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 440: 109-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Chaput JP, St-Pierre S, Tremblay A. Currently available drugs for the treatment of obesity: sibutramine and orlistat. Mini Rev Med Chem 2007; 7: 3-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Abdelwahab SI, Mohan S, Mohamed Elhassan M, Al-Mekhlafi N, Mariod AA, Abdul AB, Abdulla MA, Alkharfy KM. Antiapoptotic and antioxidant properties of Orthosiphon stamineus benth (Catʼs Whiskers): intervention in the Bcl-2-mediated apoptotic pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2010; 2011: 1-11
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Basheer MKA, Majid AMSA. Medicinal potentials of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. WebmedCentral CANCER 2010; 1: 1-12
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Arafat O, Tham S, Sadikun A, Zhari I, Haughton P, Asmawi M. Studies on diuretic and hypouricemic effects of Orthosiphon stamineus methanol extracts in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 118: 354-360
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Yam MF, Ang LF, Basir R, Salman I, Ameer OZ, Asmawi M. Evaluation of the anti-pyretic potential of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth standardized extract. Inflammopharmacology 2009; 17: 50-54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Ho CH, Noryati I, Sulaiman SF, Rosma A. In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. extracts against food-borne bacteria. Food Chem 2010; 122: 1168-1172
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Alshawsh MA, Abdulla MA, Ismail S, Amin ZA. Hepatoprotective effects of Orthosiphon stamineus extract on thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011; 2011: 1-6
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Movahedi A, Basir R, Rahmat A, Charaffedine M, Othman F. Orthosiphon stamineus: an Asian tea with substantial anticancer properties. JNSD 2015; 1: 44-52
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Alshawsh MA, Abdulla MA, Ismail S, Amin ZA, Qader SW, Hadi HA, Harmal NS. Free radical scavenging, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities of Orthosiphon stamineus . Molecules 2012; 17: 5385-5395
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Sumaryono W, Proksch P, Wray V, Witte L, Hartmann T. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the phenolic constituents from Orthosiphon aristatus . Planta Med 1991; 57: 176-180
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Carriere F, Barrowman JA, Verger R, Laugier R. Secretion and contribution to lipolysis of gastric and pancreatic lipases during a test meal in humans. Gastroenterol 1993; 105: 876-888
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Seyedan A, Alshawsh MA, Alshagga MA, Koosha S, Mohamed Z. Medicinal plants and their inhibitory activities against pancreatic lipase: a review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 2015: 1-13
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Nóbrega C, Rodriguez-López R. Molecular Mechanisms underpinning the Development of Obesity. Switzerland: Springer; 2014
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Yam MF, Lim CP, Fung Ang L, Por LY, Wong ST, Asmawi MZ, Basir R, Ahmad M. Antioxidant and toxicity studies of 50 % methanolic extract of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013: 1-10
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Chin J, Abas H, Sabariah I. Toxicity study of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth (Misai Kucing) on Sprague Dawley rats. Trop Biomed 2008; 25: 9-16
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Wang YY, Lin SY, Sheu WH, Liu PH, Tung KC. Obesity and diabetic hyperglycemia were associated with serum alanine aminotransferase activity in patients with hepatitis B infection. Metabolism 2010; 59: 486-491
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Olusi S. Obesity is an independent risk factor for plasma lipid peroxidation and depletion of erythrocyte cytoprotectic enzymes in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1159-1164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Lü JM, Lin PH, Yao Q, Chen C. Chemical and molecular mechanisms of antioxidants: experimental approaches and model systems. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14: 840-860
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Li S, Tan HY, Wang N, Zhang ZJ, Lao L, Wong CW, Feng Y. The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in liver diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16: 26087-26124
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Klop B, Elte JWF, Cabezas MC. Dyslipidemia in obesity: mechanisms and potential targets. Nutrients 2013; 5: 1218-1240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1111-1119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Yang M, Wang C, Chen H. Green, oolong and black tea extracts modulate lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia rats fed high-sucrose diet. J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12: 14-20
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Ghasi S, Nwobodo E, Ofili J. Hypocholesterolemic effects of crude extract of leaf of Moringa oleifera Lam in high-fat diet fed Wistar rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 69: 21-25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Lichtenstein AH, Schwab US. Relationship of dietary fat to glucose metabolism. Atherosclerosis 2000; 150: 227-243
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Antunes LC, Elkfury JL, Jornada MN, Foletto KC, Bertoluci MC. Validation of HOMA-IR in a model of insulin-resistance induced by a high-fat diet in Wistar rats. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2016; 60: 138-142
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Enriori PJ, Evans AE, Sinnayah P, Cowley MA. Leptin resistance and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14: 254S-258S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Ricci R, Bevilacqua F. The potential role of leptin and adiponectin in obesity: a comparative review. Vet J 2012; 191: 292-298
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Uygun A, Kadayifci A, Yesilova Z, Erdil A, Yaman H, Saka M, Deveci MS, Bagci S, Gulsen M, Karaeren N. Serum leptin levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 3584-3589
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Lee S, Kwak HB. Role of adiponectin in metabolic and cardiovascular disease. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10: 54-59
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J, Hotta K, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Miyaoka K, Kuriyama H, Nishida M, Yamashita S, Okubo K, Matsubara K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257: 79-83
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Tohill BC, Seymour J, Serdula M, Kettel-Khan L, Rolls BJ. What epidemiologic studies tell us about the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and body weight. Nutr Rev 2004; 62: 365-374
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Han L, Kimura Y, Kawashima M, Takaku T, Taniyama T, Hayashi T, Zheng Y, Okuda H. Anti-obesity effects in rodents of dietary teasaponin, a lipase inhibitor. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1459-1464
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Ardevol A, Blade C, Salvado M, Arola L. Changes in lipolysis and hormone-sensitive lipase expression caused by procyanidins in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 319-324
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Yamakoshi J, Saito M, Kataoka S, Kikuchi M. Safety evaluation of proanthocyanidin-rich extract from grape seeds. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40: 599-607
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Hiai S, Oura H, Nakajima T. Color reaction of some sapogenins and saponins with vanillin and sulfuric acid. Planta Med 1976; 29: 116-122
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Ayoola G, Folawewo A, Adesegun S, Abioro O, Adepoju-Bello A, Coker H. Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of some plants of Apocynaceae from South West Nigeria. Afr J Plant Sci 2008; 2: 124-128
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Singleton V, Rossi JA. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 1965; 16: 144-158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Furukawa I, Kurooka S, Arisue K, Kohda K, Hayashi C. Assays of serum lipase by the “BALB-DTNB method” mechanized for use with discrete and continuous-flow analyzers. Clin Chem 1982; 28: 110-113
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Bancroft JD, Stevens A. Theory and Practice of histological Techniques. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences; 1990
    Google Scholar