Keywords hydrocephalus - late-onset aqueductal membranous occlusion - time-SLIP
Introduction
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common autosomal dominant genetic disorders in humans.[1 ] Hydrocephalus has been reported in 2 to 23% of NF1 patients, and NF1 patients rarely present with hydrocephalus caused by late-onset aqueductal membranous occlusion (LAMO).[2 ]
[3 ]
Here, we report a similar case to LAMO. Although the membranous structure directly covered the aqueduct in the LAMO, a thin expanded cyst wall covered the entrance of the aqueduct in our case. The cause of the hydrocephalus was diagnosed on the basis of the neuroendoscopic rather than the preoperative examination findings. We reviewed the literatures about LAMO and compared our case with previously reported LAMO cases.
Case Report
A 28-year-old woman visited a nearby hospital with complaints of headache and dizziness. Computed tomography revealed enlarged lateral ventricles. She was referred to our hospital for further examinations. Café au lait spots and neurofibroma were observed on her face and back. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations yielded normal results. The patient's past medical history included systemic lupus erythematosus and NF1. She received prednisolone, tacrolimus, and mizoribine. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hydrocephalus, but no obvious intracranial lesions. MRI with the time-spatial labeling inversion pulse (SLIP) showed no CSF flow in the aqueduct, and obstructive hydrocephalus due to aqueductal lesion was suspected ([Figs. 1A ], [2 ]). When endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) was performed, a thin membrane covering the entrance of the aqueduct was detected ([Fig. 1B ]). In addition to ETV, we perforated the thin membrane to maintain the normal CSF flow ([Fig. 1C ]). The membranous structure was part of the cyst wall, and the cyst was deflated by breaking a part of the membranous structure, thereby restoring the CSF flow to the aqueduct. Histopathologically, the cyst wall consisted of gliosis ([Fig. 1D, E ]). After the operation, the symptoms and enlargement of the ventricles were improved ([Fig. 1F ]). CSF flow was observed not through the floor of the third ventricle but through the aqueduct on MRI with the time-SLIP ([Fig. 3 ]). No recurrence of hydrocephalus was observed for 4 years after the surgery.
Fig. 1 (A ) Preoperative T2-weighted magnetic resonance image showing the enlarged ventricles and no intracranial lesions. (B ) Intraoperative view showing the thin cyst (red arrowhead , the edge of the cyst wall) covering the entrance of the aqueduct (yellow arrow ). (C ) The membrane covering the aqueduct is perforated, and the cerebrospinal fluid flow is improved. The red and yellow arrowheads indicate the edge of shrank cyst wall; the entrance of the aqueduct, respectively. (D ) The pathological findings from the hematoxylin and eosin staining (original magnification × 40) showing astrocytes with irregular nuclei. Neither mitosis nor necrosis was detected. (E ) Staining positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (original magnification × 40). (F ) Postoperative T2-weighted magnetic resonance image showing the improvement of the ventricles size.
Fig. 2 Preoperative magnetic resonance image with time-spatial labeling inversion pulse showing no cerebrospinal fluid flow from the third ventricle to the aqueduct (red arrow ).
Fig. 3 Postoperative magnetic resonance image with time-spatial labeling inversion pulse showing cerebrospinal fluid flow signal not through the floor of the third ventricle (yellow arrow ) but through the aqueduct (red arrow ).
Discussion
Matsuda et al first described LAMO in 2011.[2 ] Terada et al defined LAMO as follows[3 ]: first, the aqueduct of Sylvius showed a membranous structure but no CSF flow; second, no other occlusive lesion and no recent subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, or meningitis was found that could cause the hydrocephalus; third, the lateral and third ventricles were enlarged, but the fourth ventricle was not; and fourth, the patient was not diagnosed in childhood. No membranous structure was found in the aqueduct of Sylvius in our case, but it was a similar case to LAMO. In our case, the membranous structure covered the entrance of the aqueduct by expanding like a cyst. Gliosis, forking, simple stenosis, or membranous occlusion was considered to be the cause of the aqueductal stenosis or occlusion in the past report.[4 ]
[5 ] Our histopathological findings from the cyst wall were also consistent with gliosis. The surgical treatment of LAMO is mainly endoscopic aqueductoplasty (EA) and/or ETV, which have an advantage of improving hydrocephalus without shunt system insertion.[2 ]
[3 ]
[6 ]
[7 ] We performed EA and ETV because the patient took immunosuppressive drugs, and we were concerned of a possible shunt infection.
We summarize 12 cases consistent with LAMO in [Table 1 ].[2 ]
[3 ]
[6 ]
[7 ] The main symptom was headache, and the oldest patient was 66 years old. Only EA was performed in eight cases, and EA + ETV was performed in four cases. The chief complaints were improved in eight cases (66.6%). Of the EA + ETV cases, two (50%) had complications, but only the EA cases had no complications. The postoperative CSF flow was studied in Terada's case and in our case using MRI with a three-dimensionally driven equilibrium pulse and time-SLIP, respectively.[3 ] CSF flow was detected in the third ventricular floor and aqueduct in a former case and only in the aqueduct in our case. According to the postoperative CSF flow analysis of two cases, performing aqueductoplasty to restore the physiological CSF flow would be more important than performing ETV alone in cases like LAMO. Our case did not show a reocclusion for 54 months despite that no postoperative CSF flow was observed in the third ventricle floor.
Table 1
Review of clinical results of late-onset aqueductal membranous occlusion treated by endoscopic ventriculostomy and/or aqueductoplasty
Author (y)
Age/sex
Symptoms
Operation (complication)
Outcome (follow-up [mo])
Postoperative ventricular size
Postoperative CSF flow
Schroeder and Gaab (1999)6
31/F
Headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, seizure
EA
Occasional headache (18)
Smaller
N/A
46/F
Headache, mental deterioration
EA
Unchanged (7)
Smaller
N/A
66/M
Mental deterioration, gait disturbances, urinary incontinence, alcohol abuse
EA
Unchanged (1)
Unchanged
N/A
66/F
Headache, mental deterioration, gait disturbances, urinary incontinence,
EA + ETV
(Fornix contusion)
Died after stroke (1)
Unchanged
N/A
Matsuda et al (2011)2
57/M
Gait disturbances, dementia
EA + ETV
Improved (7)
Unchanged
N/A
Chen et al (2013)7
20/M
Headache, vomiting
EA
Improved (16 ≤)
N/A
N/A
24/F
Headache, vomiting
EA
Improved (16 ≤)
N/A
N/A
26/M
Headache, vomiting
EA
Improved (16 ≤)
N/A
N/A
28/F
Headache, vomiting
EA
Improved (16 ≤)
N/A
N/A
33/F
Headache, vomiting
EA
Improved (16 ≤)
N/A
N/A
Terada et al (2020)3
36/M
Headache, loss of consciousness
EA + ETV (diplopia)
Improved (N/A)
Smaller
CSF flow in the third ventricular floor and aqueduct
Our case
28/F
Headache, dizziness
EA + ETV
Improved (54)
Smaller
CSF flow in the aqueduct
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EA, endoscopic aqueductoplasty; ETV, endoscopic ventriculostomy; F, female; M, male; N/A, not available.
The histopathological findings from the cyst wall in our case were consistent with gliosis and suggested a relationship between the cyst formation and the membranous structure of the aqueduct in the previous report.[4 ]
[5 ]
In the other reports, the membranous structure in the aqueduct was detected on the preoperative MRI, but our case did not show obvious causes in the radiological images.[2 ]
[3 ]
[6 ]
[7 ] It was considered that the cyst wall of the gliosis was so thin that it could not be identified on the preoperative MRI. If LAMO was suspected, endoscopic treatment might be available to find and treat unknown causes in the imaging examinations and obtain a good clinical result for a long time without shunt insertion.
Conclusion
When suspecting cases similar to LAMO, neuroendoscopic surgery might have an advantage in the diagnosis of unknown causes by preoperative MRI, and the hydrocephalus could be treated without shunt insertion for a long time.
