Keywords
cardiopulmonary bypass - magnetic resonance imaging - sarcoma
Introduction
Primary cardiac tumors are rare, with an incidence ranging from 0.001 to 0.03.[1] Approximately 25% of them are malignant, sarcomas being the most prevalent in Hudzik
et al.[2] Although very rare, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is the major type of primary
cardiac malignancies, typically found in the left atrium and tends to involve the
mitral valve.[3] Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma is locally aggressive invasive tumors, frequently
making complete surgical excision infeasible, implying a dismal prognosis and low
survival rate.[4] Initial clinical and radiologic features of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma
might be mistaken for other sarcomas or even benign cardiac masses, making the diagnosis
particularly challenging.
Case Presentation
We present an 83-year-old White non-smoker woman (1.70 m, 67 kg, BMI 23) with a history
of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus type II, and a positive family
history of sudden cardiac death “SCD.” Her past medical history also included a hysterectomy
for endometrial adenocarcinoma 14 years ago. She underwent a cardiological evaluation
due to dyspnea under normal effort, which occurred in the last 2 weeks, and new onset
of voice hoarseness. She denied any chest pain, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, or
weight loss. The patient was normotensive during the physical examination, with a
non-rhythmic heartbeat and normophonetic heart sounds, without any exciting heart
murmurs. There were no signs of heart failure and no focal neurological deficit. ECG
shows a new onset of atrial fibrillation. The chest CT scan showed a large left atrial
mass with a tumor plug extending into the left inferior pulmonary vein, which was
new in comparison to the computerized tomography scan from 2016 “5 years ago.” She
underwent trans-esophageal echocardiography that showed a large mass in the left atrium
approximately 5 × 4 × 3.8 cm, blocking a significant portion of the left atrium ([Fig. 1]), a contrast medium examination with SonoVue was utilized, and the color-Doppler
suspected the presence of small vessels within the mass.
Fig. 1 Transesophageal echocardiography mid-esophageal 5-chamber view showing the left atrial
mass.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging “CMRI” using native as well as contrast medium
enhanced sequences showed 55 × 40 × 48 mm rounded pedunculated mass in the left atrium
([Fig. 2]), with tumor plug in the left inferior pulmonary vein, left ventricular ejection
fraction, and heart dimensions were normal ([Fig. 3]). The patient's complaint of dysphonia raised our suspicion for malignancy; for
that reason, we performed a computerized tomography scan to screen for metastasis,
which turned out to be unremarkable.
Fig. 2 Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging “axial view” revealed the left atrial mass, which
pedunculated with tumor plug in the left inferior pulmonary vein.
Fig. 3 Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging “sagittal view” revealed the huge left atrial
mass.
The cardiac catheterization showed normal coronary arteries and preserved the left
ventricle's contractility.
The patient underwent surgical excision of the left atrial mass using cardiopulmonary
bypass “CPB” ([Fig. 4]). After median sternotomy, she was heparinized with checking of activated clotting
time. Aortic-bicaval cannulation was installed, and CPB was established for 80 minutes.
An aortic cross-clamp was applied for 48 minutes; the heart was arrested with an antegrade
infusion of normothermic blood cardioplegic solution in the aortic root. After that,
a left atriotomy was performed, revealing a large mobile vascularized tumor (5 cm × 6 cm)
with pedicled origin in the left inferior pulmonary vein. The tumor was then resected
([Fig. 5]). Special care was taken to minimize the risk of embolic complications to prevent
its fragmentation. The left atrium was then closed in layers, and the root was vented.
The heart was de-aired, and the aortic cross-clamp was removed.
Fig. 4 Intraoperative picture demonstrating the resection of tumor. The head of the patient
is at 6:00, the legs at 12:00.
Fig. 5 Intraoperative close-up photography of the extracted tumor.
The weaning off cardiopulmonary bypass was routinely performed after the spontaneous
return of the heartbeats. Protamine decannulation was done, and hemostasis was secured.
The chest was closed in layers. The patient tolerated all the following procedures
well and was monitored in an intensive care unit for 24 hours and shifted to the surgical
ward later for further postoperative care, which was uneventful.
Gross pathological examination of the resected mass revealed a partly smooth-surfaced
tumor, measuring 6.0 × 5.2 × 4.5 cm with focal hemorrhages, foci of necrosis, and
cystic degeneration on the cut surface. Histological examination revealed myxoid undifferentiated
pleomorphic malignancy with variable myxoid areas, high cellularity with brisk mitotic
activity in excess of 30 mitoses in 10 high power fields, and scattered immunoreactivity
with MDM2 and CDK4 ([Fig. 6]). These findings are consistent with myxoid undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma
(Grade 3 according to FNCLCC).
Fig. 6 (A) High myxoid areas with prominent vascular network (can be easily mistaken for myxoma).
(B) High cellularity with pleomorphism and brisk mitotic activity. (C) Scattered MDM2 positive tumor cells.
The patient denied any aggressive adjuvant therapy because of her advanced age. The
tumor board decision was cardiac and chest CT in 3 months, and the patient was then
discharged free of symptoms.
Discussion
This case of undifferentiated sarcoma was misdiagnosed as a myxoma. The patient was
oligosymptomatic, with recent onset of dyspnea during normal efforts without weight
loss or embolic events. However, the new onset of dysphonia and the atypical origin
of the tumor aroused suspicion toward malignancy; the metastasis screen came back
negative. Cardiac tumors are rare, with only 25% of them being malignant.[5] Their frequency is similar in males and females, being higher in the right atrium,
later left atrium, and both ventricles.[5] Differentiation between begin and malignant heart tumors is particularly challenging
because of the similarity of presenting symptoms; however, the differences reside
particularly in the clinical course and the histology.[6]
Metastatic tumors are 20 to 40 times more common than primary malignant cardiac neoplasms.[7] Patients with malignant heart tumors of the left side have more frequent distant
metastases, while the malignant heart tumors of the right side have more locally advanced
disease.[8]
In the largest study performed on cardiac masses, it was found that the average age
at the appearance of the disease was 47.1 ± 16.1 years. The median follow-up was 51.2
months; until the analysis, 69.7% had died, 43% had metastasis, 44.9% of the patients
had pulmonary metastasis and 20.9% had brain metastasis.[9] Optimal treatment is to obtain a complete surgical resection, which is possible
in less than 50% of patients. Still, resection may be incomplete or even impossible
because of the local extension; neoadjuvant chemotherapy may reduce the tumor burden
improving resectability for large tumors. In a prospective analysis of right-sided
tumors, this approach doubled the negative margin resection rate and survival.[10] Intensity-modulated radiotherapy “IMRT” as neoadjuvant radiotherapy seems promising
in selected patients. It reduces the risk by focusing the radiation burden on the
target neoplasm and limiting the involvement of the cardiac structures. Nevertheless,
radiotherapy is rarely used in primary cardiac sarcomas because the target lesion
is inside the heart. The constant movement of the heart makes it difficult to avoid
the radiation of the surrounding structure.[11] The prognosis is very poor with a mean survival of 3 months to 1 year,[8] due to diagnostic delay, therapeutic difficulty, and high metastatic potential.
For patients who underwent complete surgical resection, life expectancy is twice as
long as for patients who underwent an incomplete surgical resection.[4]
[12] Local recurrence and metastases occur frequently and usually within 1 year.[13] This complex disease, in our opinion, should be treated by a multidisciplinary team
that includes experienced cardio-oncologists, cardiac surgeons, imaging specialists,
and sarcoma oncologists to get the best outcome.[14]
Conclusion
This case highlights the surgical possibilities even in the elderly, as well as the
importance of having a broad differential diagnosis, including rare entities.
Abbreviation
CT:
computerized tomography
CMRI:
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
CPB:
cardiopulmonary bypass
FNCLCC:
Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre Le Cancer
CDK4:
cyclin-dependent kinase 4
MDM2:
mouse double minute 2 homolog
