Introduction
The spine is the most common location for bone metastases, since 5% to 10 % of all
cancer patients have spinal metastases.[1] These are more frequent in patients with breast, lung and prostate cancer, and have
a male predominance. They are not the most frequent in terms of general numbers, though.
The most frequent symptomatic spinal metastases are thoracic (70%), followed by lumbar
(20%), and, finally, cervical (10%).[1]
[2]
We herein present a cause of non-mechanical cervicalgia due to a C2 metastasis, as
a result of an undiagnosed lung neoplasm. We want to underline the complexity of the
diagnostic imaging and the importance of a detailed clinical history of the evolution
of pain and the presence of and clinical warning signs and symptoms, in addition to
perform self-criticism for the delay in diagnosing this complicated case of cervicalgia,
hoping that it will serve for our improvement in future cases.
Material and methods
We herein present a clinical case of rare incidence which occurred in our hospital
that we report for its disclosure.
A 59-year-old woman presented to the Emergency Department with sudden neck pain, without
weight loss, compartment syndrome or associated radiculopathy, and without the presentation
of masses, abnormal enlargements or adenopathies. The patient did not have a personal
history of interest, was not a smoker, did not report any known drug allergies, and
was afebrile and with stable vital signs. The physical examination was normal, with
no pain on palpation of the cervical spinous processes or paravertebral muscles, preserved
bilateral reflexes, and no changes in strength or sensitivity. After these findings,
she was diagnosed with mechanical cervicalgia, so we decided on the conservative treatment
with home-based analgesia.
A week later, the patient returned to the Emergency Department due to the non-remission
of the symptoms, reporting on this occasion that the cervical pain increased when
standing and was relieved when lying down. Given the persistence of the pain, an imaging
study was indicated, and the radiographs of the cervical spine performed showed a
decrease in the C5-C6 disc space, but no additional alterations. On this occasion,
the treatment was increased by going up a step in the analgesic scale, and tramadol
was started.
The patient went to the Emergency Department a third time, and was referred to the
Traumatology Department. The diagnostic imaging study was extended, with the performance
of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and an electroneurogram (ENG). The MRI revealed
the existence of impingement of C5-C6 with retrolisthesis, but without involvement
of the spinal canal, and no axonal repercussions of the C5-C6 myotomes were found
on the ENG. Given the apparent conventional cervicalgia, the patient was referred
to the Rehabilitation Service, which occurred eight months after the onset of symptoms
([Figure 1]).
Fig. 1 Magnetic resonance imaging scan showing no findings suggestive of pathology in the
C1-C2 vertebrae.
After the first sessions of rehabilitative treatment and given that the symptoms did
not improve, we decided to repeat the X-rays, which reported an anomaly between the
first and second cervical vertebrae that had not been previously observed ([Figure 2A]). Given the findings, a computed tomography (CT) scan was requested, which revealed
a fracture of the odontoid apophysis with impaction on the clivus, a fracture of the
anterior arch of the body of C2, a soft-tissue mass, and moth-eaten pattern of bone
destruction ([Figure 2B]).
Fig. 2 (A) Simple radiograph taken six months after the previous radiographs, in which alterations
in the first cervical vertebrae were reported for the first time. (B) Diagnostic CT scan performed at the same time as the second radiographs.
Given this finding, an extension study was carried out, showing a pulmonary mass suggestive
of primary pulmonary neoplasia and metastatic involvement of the right hepatic lobe,
both adrenal glands, and the D2 and D3 vertebral bodies. The biopsy confirmed the
diagnosis of poorly-differentiated carcinoma with a mutation of the epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR).
The patient began oncological treatment with erlotinib and cervical mass radiotherapy,
in addition to zoledronic acid and pain management, with good clinical and radiological
response at the pulmonary level. One year later, she presented brain metastases; we
ruled out radiotherapy and decided to start therapy with bevacizumab, which was not
favorable and, unfortunately, she died 21 months after the diagnosis.
Discussion
In the spine, the least frequent vertebrae regarding the appearance of metastases
are the cervical ones, which only account to up to 10% of the cases.[2] The lesions can be osteoblastic or osteolytic and, in order to identify them on
a plain radiograph study, between 30% and 50% of the vertebra must be affected.[3] Some authors[4] state that, in 1 out of every 10 cases of spinal metastases, the patient had not
yet been diagnosed with cancer, becoming a patient with high mortality because of
the advanced state of the disease in which they are due to the delay in diagnosis.
A total of 60% of cervical spine metastases are caused by a breast, lung or prostate
tumor.[5] Despite the percentage that metastasizes to the cervical spine, little importance
has been given to odontoid apophysis metastases;[6]
[7] to our knowledge, there are few cases reported in the literature,[1] and the diagnosis is challenging.
Cervicalgia is pain in the cervical region that can spread to the neck, head or upper
extremity, which limits movement and can be accompanied by neurological dysfunction
(1% of cases). It is a very frequent pain, generally a consequence of muscular overload
or other traumatic neuromuscular injuries, such as “cervical whiplash”. Back pain
in general is estimated to affect four out of five adults. Although the most frequent
is that of the lower back, cervical pain has an exceptional prevalence between 10%
and 13%, appearing at some point in life in up to 70% of the population and causing
between 11% and 14% of cases of sick leave.[8] It generally responds well to the conservative treatment, but if it persists throughout
time or worsens, it may be a sign of something more serious.[9]
[10]
After reaching the age of 40, it is normal to begin to notice some stiffness in the
cervical spine, caused by osteoarthritis and its consequent muscle tension. In fact,
the facets and interapophyseal joint capsules are the cause of 25% to 75% of the cases
of idiopathic cervical pain. In addition to these, in the cervical spine there are
multiple structures that can result in cervical pain, such as ligaments, nerve roots,
paravertebral muscles and the intervertebral disc, the latter causing pain indirectly
due to irritation of nerve structures or as a result of the instability associated
with its herniation.[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
Isolated or simple cervicalgia is usually located in the posterior paramedian region
of the cervical musculature, radiating towards the occiput, shoulder or periscapular
region, with insidious onset, without metameric distribution and associated with heat,
tingling and even headache. There is no metameric distribution, and cervical rotation
may be severely limited. When the pain extends through the territory of a peripheral
nerve, it is a radiculopathy, and patients generally report acute pain and a tingling
and burning sensation, and there may also be changes in strength and sensitivity.
It is important to know that cervicalgia can be mechanical (80%) or inflammatory (the
remaining 20%), as a result of tumoral, inflammatory or infectious processes ([Table 1]; [Table 2]).
Table 1
|
Cervicalgia
|
Mechanical
|
Non-mechanical
|
|
Characteristic
|
• Uni- or bilateral.
• Accompanied by headaches.
• Non-constant pain predominantly in the evening.
• Worsens with exercise and improves with rest.
|
• Uni- or bilateral.
• Accompanied by instability.
• Constant pain predominantly in the morning.
• Worsens with exercise, but does not improve with rest. Affects with night rest.
|
|
Causes
|
• Structural alterations (bone, ligamentous and soft-tissue injuries), degenerative
pathology, rheumatological alterations…
|
• Vertebral tumor invasion or destruction of the vertebra.
• Pathological fracture.
|
|
Beginning
|
• Insidious onset with slow worsening.
• Acute onset related to major trauma.
|
• Insidious onset with rapidly progressive worsening.
• Acute onset after minimal trauma.
|
|
Age
|
• Elderly patients in relation to degenerative changes.
|
• Patients of any age presenting red flags.
|
|
Radiological diagnosis
|
• X-ray after 6-8 weeks of conservative treatment without improvement.
• Computed tomography/Magnetic resonance imaging scans only if there is emergence
of neurological dysfunction or fracture.
|
• X-ray at the onset of symptoms, ± magnetic resonance imaging scan.
• Complete neurological examination.
|
Table 2
|
Mechanical pain
|
Irradiated
|
Non-segmental
|
|
Segmental: radiculopathies
|
|
Inflammatory pain
|
Rheumatic diseases: RA, AS and other spondyloarthropathies, juvenile chronic osteoarthritis,
polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, Forestier-Rotes Querol disease, juvenile ankylosing
hyperostosis
|
|
Tumors (primary or metastatic): of the prostate, breast, lung, thyroid…
|
|
Infections: discitis (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium…), osteomyelitis, meningitis, herpes zoster, Lyme disease…
|
|
Referred pain
|
Abdominal and diaphragmatic diseases (gallbladder, subphrenic abscess, pancreas, hiatal
hernia, peptic ulcer), aortic aneurysm, ischemic heart disease, vertex lung tumors,
vertebrobasilar insufficiency, acromioclavicular pathology, temporomandibular pathology,
thoracic outlet syndrome.
|
Depending on the duration, cervicalgia can be acute (less than seven days), subacute
(seven days to seven weeks), and chronic (more than seven weeks). One of the most
frequent causes of acute pain is cervical sprain and the posttraumatic cervicalgia
secondary to a traffic accident known as “cervical whiplash”.[10] Most patients recover before 6 weeks, but between 10% and 15% of the cases become
chronic, the latter being more frequent in middle-aged women and related to highly-demanding
jobs. Certain symptoms that may indicate a more serious injury are the appearance
of pain disproportionate to the trauma that occurred, signs of neurological involvement
or loss of strength/sensitivity, and night pain or pain associated with chest pressure.
No clear correlation has been found between the degree of cervicoarthrosis and the
intensity of the pain, but it has been observed that neurotic personality and the
presence of depressive symptoms are factors that increase the probability of recurrence
of cervical pain.[13]
[14]
As in everything in medicine, it is essential to carry out a correct history and physical
examination to help in the primary classification of patients. It is vitally important
to take a good history, investigate personal history (including age, profession and
sports, in addition to inquiring about possible mental disorders) and family history,
and ask about the characteristics of the pain (acute or latent onset, acute evolution,
chronic or recurrent, inflammatory or mechanical, or if there is root involvement).
We should ask in the same way about the accompanying symptoms and signs, such as headaches,
visual disturbances, dizziness and/or tinnitus, syncope caused by movements, fever
or constitutional symptoms. The degree of functional limitation is determined by the
Nurick classification according to the gait disturbance and its occupational consequences.[15] ([Table 3])
Table 3
|
Grade I
|
No difficulty in walking.
|
|
Grade II
|
Gait difficulties that do not affect occupational activities.
|
|
Grade III
|
Gait difficulties that limit occupational activities.
|
|
Grade IV
|
Walking tolerated with assistance.
|
|
Grade V
|
Unable to walk. Bedridden.
|
Red flags are clinical signs and symptoms that are considered risk indicators for
serious underlying disease. Many clinical guidelines recommend the use of red flags
as a screening method to detect severe spinal pathology, since up to 4% of the cases
of cervicalgia observed in primary care and up to almost 6% of those observed in the
Emergency Department result in important pathology.[16] In a study by Shaw et al.,[16] a widely variable sensitivity was observed regarding the red flags studied, from
62% of patients who presented poor general condition, 38% who had flank pain or the
35.8% who experienced urinary symptoms, up to the 1.1% of cases herpes zoster or unexplained
weight loss. On the contrary, all the red flags studied by them showed a specificity,
higher than 90%.[16] Despite the fact that the study[16] did show a higher incidence of serious pathology in the presence of red flags, it
must be said that their usefulness is still somewhat uncertain, given their current
poor definition and non-specificity.
The basic complementary test with which we begin our diagnostic study is the simple
radiograph of the cervical spine in two projections (anteroposterior and lateral).
If the pain begins associated with trauma or it is pain with inflammatory characteristics,
the radiographic study is performed from the first moment. In the absence of these,
the indications to perform radiographs are the presence of the aforementioned red
flags, such as:[10]
[16]
-
Age over 70 years, onset of symptoms before 20 years or after 55 years, poor general
condition, fever, involuntary weight loss, insidious onset, impaired night rest.
-
Personal history of tuberculosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, nephrolithiasis, recent
bacterial infection, immunosuppression, pregnancy, cancer, parenteral drug abuse (PDA),
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis or pathological fracture, spinal Paget disease,
herpes zoster, major trauma, recent history of spinal intervention, carriage of spinal
instrumentation.
-
Iatrogenic: prolonged use of corticosteroids, anticoagulation.
-
Physical examination revealing intractable pain, constant and progressive non-mechanical
pain, morning stiffness for more than 30 minutes, saddle anesthesia, progressive changes
in strength or gait, progressive changes in sensation, anal sphincter incontinence,
and improvement in pain after exercise.
-
Associated symptoms: urinary symptoms, urinary retention or incontinence, chest or
abdominal pain, skin changes, and colitis.
In the presence of red flags, the indication is to start directly with an imaging
study complementary to the physical examination. Sometimes, when serious pathology
is suspected, the recommendation is to start directly with a more exhaustive imaging
study, such as MRI, as indicated by Childress and Stuek[17] in a recent article, since plain radiography has a low sensitivity for these types
of clinical presentations.
The presence of neurological symptoms makes it necessary to request an MRI, since
it is the technique that best visualizes the soft tissues and intraspinal pathology.
Protrusions or extrusions of the intervertebral disc can be detected in up to 30%
of asymptomatic subjects. Computed tomography is useful to extend the radiographic
study, because it enables a better evaluation of the bone and adjacent soft tissues.
The ENG is used to locate the affected roots or nerves.
As a summary and in an orderly manner, an algorithm on how to act against cervicalgia[10] is presented in [Diagram 1].
Diagram 1 Algorithm on how to act against cervicalgia[10]
[11]
[12].
Conclusion
Despite the lower percentage of cervical metastases compared to the rest of the spine,
we must not forget about them or underestimate this axial location. The pain pattern
ranges from the typical mechanical to the inflammatory one, and an exhaustive and
well-detailed clinical history is essential for a correct and rapid diagnosis. The
presence of red flags at the beginning of the picture is an indication to perform
an MRI, which continues to be the gold standard for the detection of bone metastases.
As a personal criticism, we recognize that in the first MRI, signs of malignant pathology
were already present, but this was only observed after the images had been studied
in greater detail.
