CC BY 4.0 · SynOpen 2022; 06(04): 312-318
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1751381
paper

Stereoselective Synthesis of Euscapholide and Tetraketide via Prins Cyclisation and Ring-Closing Metathesis

Dhanraj O. Biradar
a   Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana, India
b   Maharashtra Mahavidyalaya, Nilanga-413521, Dist. Latur, M.S, India
,
c   BSS Arts, Science & Commerce College, Makni, Tq. Lohara-413604, Dist. Osmanabad, M.S., India
,
Basi V. Subba Reddy
a   Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, Telangana, India
› Author Affiliations
Financial support was provided by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.
 


Abstract

A concise and diastereoselective total synthesis of tetraketide and euscapholide is described in ten steps in 10.6% overall yield from acetaldehyde and (S)-pent-4-ene-1,2-diol. Jacobsen hydrolytic kinetic­ resolution, Prins cyclization, ring-closing metathesis and oxa-Michael­ addition reactions are the key steps involved in the synthesis.


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Natural products from terrestrial plant sources have been a source of discovery for numerous biologically active compounds.[1] Along this line, tetraketide (1) and euscapholide (2) are a dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-one derivative and a α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone that were obtained from the leaves of Euscaphis japonica.[2] Natural products containing α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone and bicyclic lactone/pyrone structural motifs have attracted attention because of their unusual structural architecture, electrophilic nature as Michael acceptors, and range of biological properties including analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities (Figure [1]).[3] [4] In addition, some of them have been used in traditional medicine for treating arthritis, headache, and hepatitis infections,[4h] headaches, morning sickness, cancer, pulmonary diseases, and a variety of other bacterial and fungal infections.[4d] Owing to their interesting chemical framework and promising biological profiles, these compounds have attracted much attention from the chemical synthesis community over the past decade.[5] Recently O’Doherty et al. reported the total synthesis of euscapholide (2)[6] and Mohapatra et al. reported the total synthesis of tetraketide (1).[7] The absolute structures of 1 and 2 were assigned based on NMR spectroscopic and circular dichroism analyses. Compound 2 shows anti-inflammatory activity; whereas its analogue, 3,7-dihydroxy-5-octenolide, which lacks the Michael acceptor, does not show any anti-inflammatory activity and the biological activity of 1 remains to be assessed.[4j] [k] However, further biological evaluation of compounds 1 and 2 is hindered due to their limited availability from natural sources. Hence, a concise, unified, and efficient approach has been developed toward the total synthesis of 1 and 2, which can provide sufficient amounts of the target compounds for further biological evaluation.

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Figure 1 Bioactive natural products bearing the α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone motif[5a] [b]

The retrosynthetic analysis of 1 and 2 is illustrated in Scheme [1]. An assessment of the structures of tetraketide (1) and euscapholide (2) showed that bicyclic lactone 1 could be derived from an intramolecular oxa-Michael addition reaction of 2, which could be accessed from acrylated compound 3 through ring-closing metathesis (RCM). Precursor 3 could be obtained from iodopyran 4, which could, in turn, be accessed from acetaldehyde 5 and homoallylic alcohol 6 via Prins cyclization. Finally, homoallylic alcohol 6 could be obtained from epichlorohydrin 7 using Jacobsen hydrolytic kinetic resolution.

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Scheme 1 Retrosynthetic analysis of tetraketide (1) and euscapholide (2)

The synthesis of tetraketide (1) and euscapholide (2) commenced with the synthesis of starting material (S)-pent-4-ene-1,2-diol[8] 6 as depicted in Scheme [2]. Epichlorohydrin can act as a versatile source of both (R)- and (S)-homoallylic alcohols 6. Thus, racemic epichlorohydrin 7 was treated with NaH and BnOH in THF solvent to furnish racemic oxirane 8 in 94% yield. Oxirane 8, on Jacobsen hydro­lytic kinetic resolution using (R,R)-(salen)Co(II) complex[9] in aqueous acetic acid, afforded (S)-oxirane 9 in 46% yield (ee 96%) and (R)-1,2-diol 10 in 48% yield (ee 98%). Regioselective ring opening of (S)-oxirane 9 using vinyl magnesium bromide[10] in the presence of CuCN afforded (S)-1-(benzyl­oxy)pent-4-en-2-ol (11) in 92% yield, which was then subjected to debenzylation[11] by treatment with Li in liquid NH3 to provide the homoallylic alcohol[8] 6 in 90% yield, being the requisite precursor for the Prins cyclization reaction.

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Scheme 2 Reagents and conditions: (a) NaH, BnOH, THF, 0 °C to rt, 12 h, 94%; (b) (R,R)Co-Salen, AcOH, H2O, THF, 0 °C to rt, 36 h, 46%; (c) CH2=CH-Br, Mg, THF, CuCN, 1,2-dibromoethane, –78 to –40 °C, 4 h, 92%; (d) Li, Liq. NH3, THF, –33 °C, 20 min, 90%.

With quantities of homoallylic alcohol 6 readily available, the key intermolecular Prins cyclization[12] [13] reaction was carried out between acetaldehyde 5 and homoallylic alcohol 6 using TFA in CH2Cl2 to afford the resultant tetrahydropyran, which, on hydrolysis with K2CO3 in MeOH, furnished 2,6-cis-tetrahydropyran 12 as the exclusive product in 52% yield. The stereochemical aspects of such Prins cyclisations leading to structurally similar compounds to 12 have been discussed in detail previously.[12] [13] Tosylation[14] of the primary hydroxy functionality of 12 furnished 13 in 85% yield. Silylation[15] of the secondary alcohol of 13 produced tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether 14 in 94% yield and subsequent nucleophilic substitution of the tosylate group using NaI/acetone[16] afforded the corresponding iodide 4 in 91% yield. Reductive ring opening[17] of iodo-intermediate 4 using Zn/EtOH furnished the key open chain anti-1,3-diol 15 in 88% yield (de 97%). Benzylation[18] of the secondary alcohol 15 led to 16 in 85% yield. Desilylation[19] of 16 to its homoallylic alcohol 17 in 84% yield and subsequent acylation[20] under Mitsunobu conditions[20] using acrylic acid, TPP and DEAD afforded ester 18 in 75% yield. Having succeeded in achieving the key intermediate 18 with desired relative and absolute stereochemistry, the bis-olefinic compound 18 was subjected to RCM reaction using Grubbs’ second generation catalyst[21] to afford α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone 19 in 70% yield. Debenzylation[22] of α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone 19 using TiCl4 in CH2Cl2 afforded euscapholide (2) and tetraketide (1), through an intramolecular oxa-Michael addition reaction, in a 65:35 ratio, with 89% combined yield, as shown in Scheme [3]. A comparison of the 1H NMR spectroscopic and analytical data of synthetic compounds 1 and 2 with those of the natural products showed that they were in agreement. The specific rotation of compound 1 (synthetic [α]D 25 –11.5 (c 0.8, MeOH); Lit.[7] [α]D 20 –12.7 (c 0.9, MeOH)) and compound 2 (synthetic [α]D 25 +113.8 (c 0.24, MeOH); Lit.[23] [α]D 25 +115.5 (c 1.52 MeOH))[23] were in good agreement with the reported values.

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Scheme 3 Reagents and conditions: (a) i. TFA, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to rt, 3 h; ii. K2CO3, MeOH, r.t., 0.5 h, 52%; (b) TEA, TsCl, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to rt, 6 h, 85%; (c) TBSCl, imidazole, DMAP, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to rt, 4 h, 94%; (d) NaI, acetone, reflux, 24 h, 91%; (e) Zn, EtOH, reflux, 4 h, 88%; (f) NaH, BnBr, TBAI, THF, 0 °C to rt, 4 h, 85%; (g) CSA, MeOH, 0 °C to rt, 2 h, 84%; (h) Acrylic acid, TPP, DEAD, 0 °C to rt, 6 h, 75%; (i) Grubbs’ second generation catalyst, CH2Cl2, reflux, 18 h, 70%; (j) TiCl4, DCM, 0 °C, 0.5 h, 89%.

In conclusion, a concise, enantio- and diastereoselective total synthesis of tetraketide (1) and euscapholide (2) has been accomplished in ten steps with an overall yield of over 10%. Jacobsen hydrolytic kinetic resolution, ring-closing metathesis, Prins cyclisation reaction and oxa-Michael addition reaction are the key steps. The operational expediency, synthetic efficiency, and high diastereoselectivity make the synthetic process practicable. We believe the current strategy provides a reliable route for the synthesis of structural analogues of α,β-unsaturated δ-lactones and α-pyrones for structure–activity studies.

Commercial reagents were used without further purification and all solvents were purified by standard techniques. Infrared spectra were recorded with a Perkin–Elmer 683 spectrometer. Specific rotations were obtained with a Jasco Dip 360 digital polarimeter. NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 with Varian Unity 400 and 500 MHz NMR spectrometers. Chemical shifts (δ) are quoted in parts per million and are referenced to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard. Coupling constants (J) are quoted in Hertz and the resonance multiplicity abbreviations used are: s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; q quintet; dt, doublet of triplets; dd, doublet of doublets; ddd, doublet of doublet of doublets; dddd, double double doublet of doublets; m, multiplet. Column chromatographic separations were carried out on silica gel (60–120 mesh) and flash chromatographic separations were carried out using 230–400 mesh, silica gel. Mass spectra were recorded with Micromass VG-7070H for EI and VG Autospec M FABMS spectrometers.


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2-[(Benzyloxy)methyl]oxirane (8)

To a stirred suspension of NaH (8 g, 333 mmol) in anhydrous THF (400 mL) at 0 °C, was added dropwise benzyl alcohol (24 g, 222 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous THF (100 mL). After 30 minutes, epichlorohydrin 7 (20.5 g, 222 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to rise to r.t. and stirred for 12 hours. After completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC), the reaction mixture was quenched at 0 °C with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (100 mL), diluted with EtOAc (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 × 100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (100 mL) and dried over Na2SO4. After filtration and removal of solvent under reduced pressure, the crude oxirane was purified by column chromatography eluting with 5% EtOAc/hexane to give pure product 8 (34.4 g, 94% yield) as a colourless liquid.

IR (neat): 3031, 2999, 2926, 2864, 1725, 1453, 1267, 1096, 742, 699 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.35–7.24 (m, 5 H), 4.62–4.46 (m, 2 H), 3.71 (dd, J = 11.2, 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.41 (dd, J = 11.4, 5.7 Hz, 1 H), 3.14 (tt, J = 5.9, 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 2.77–2.71 (m, 1 H), 2.58 (dd, J = 5.2, 2.6 Hz, 1 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 137.6, 127.2, 127.1, 72.5, 70.1, 50.2, 43.2.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 165 [M + H],+ 187 [M + Na]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd. for C10H12O2Na: 187.21680, found: 187.21690.


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(S)-2-[(Benzyloxy)methyl]oxirane (9)

To (R,R)-(salen)Co(II) precatalyst (604 mg, 1 mmol) in a round-bottom flask were added sequentially racemic oxirane 8 (32.8 g, 200 mmol) and AcOH (0.228 mL, 4 mmol) at r.t. After the reaction mixture turned from a red suspension to a dark-brown solution, the flask was cooled to 0 °C and THF (2 mL) followed by H2O (1.98 g, 110 mmol, 0.55 equiv) were added over a period of 20 minutes and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir at r.t. for 36 hours. After completion of reaction, monitored by TLC, the mixture was directly purified by column chromatography eluting with 5% EtOAc/hexane to afford epoxide 9 (15.08 g, 46%, 96% ee) as a colorless liquid and enantomerically pure diol 10 (17.05 g, 52%, 98% ee) as a viscous liquid.

[α]D 22 +5.2 (c 1.1, CHCl3); Lit. [α]D 25 + 5.1 (c 1.0, CHCl3).

IR (Neat): 3454, 3031, 2999, 2926, 2864, 1725, 1453, 1267, 1096, 742, 699 cm–1.

1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.36–7.23 (m, 5 H), 4.64–4.48 (m, 2 H), 3.70 (dd, J = 11.4, 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 3.41 (dd, J = 11.4, 5.7 Hz, 1 H), 3.12 (tt, J = 5.8, 3.1 Hz, 1 H), 2.78–2.72 (m, 1 H), 2.57 (dd, J = 5.2, 2.6 Hz, 1 H).

13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 137.5, 127.2, 127.0, 72.4, 70.2, 50.1, 43.27.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 165 [M + H]+, 187 [M + Na]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd. for C10H12O2Na: 187.21680; found: 187.21690.


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(S)-1-(Benzyloxy)pent-4-en-2-ol (11)

To magnesium turnings (6.6 g, 274.4 mmol) in anhydrous THF (35 mL) at r.t. were sequentially added, 1,2-dibromoethane (3 drops) and freshly prepared vinyl bromide (13.1 mL, 182.9 mmol) in a dropwise manner, and CuCN (40.9 mg, 5 mol%). The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and cooled to –78 °C, then epoxide 9 (15 g, 91.46 mmol) in THF (60 mL) was added, the mixture allowed to warm to –40 °C and stirred for 4 h. The reaction was then quenched with saturated aqueous NH4Cl (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 × 100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (120 mL), dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by column chromatography eluting with 12% EtOAc/ hexane afforded 11 (16.2 g, 92%) as a colourless liquid.

[α]D 22 +2.6 (c 1.1, CHCl3); [α]D 25 +2.3 (c 1.0, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 3426, 3070, 3030, 2910, 2862, 1718, 1640, 1451, 1275, 1103, 997, 915, 741, 698, 608 cm–1.

1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.42–7.27 (m, 5 H), 5.82 (ddt, J = 17.2, 10.2, 7.1 Hz, 1 H), 5.18–5.05 (m, 2 H), 4.55 (s, 1 H), 3.88 (dt, J = 6.7, 9.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.51 (dd, J = 9.5, 3.4 Hz, 1 H), 3.38 (dd, J = 9.5, 7.4 Hz, 1 H), 2.38 (s, 1 H), 2.25 (dd, J = 17.2, 10.8 Hz, 2 H).

13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 137.8, 134.1, 128.2, 127.5, 117.4, 73.7, 73.1, 69.5, 37.7.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 193 [M + H],+ 215 [M + Na]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd. for C12H16O2Na: 215.21640; found: 215.21650


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(S)-Pent-4-ene-1,2-diol (6)

To a stirred suspension of lithium (16 g, 250 mmol) in liquid NH3 (160 mL) was added 11 (16 g, 83.3 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous THF (100 mL). The mixture was stirred for 20 minutes and quenched with solid NH4Cl (15 g). The ammonia was allowed to evaporate at r.t., ether (100 mL) was added to the residue and the mixture was filtered through Celite®. The filtrate was dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by column chromatography eluting with 70% EtOAc/hexane to afford diol 6 (7.6 g, 90% yield) as a colourless liquid.

[α]D 25 –3.5 (c 2.5, CHCl3); Lit [α]D 25 –3.4 (c 2.8, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 3419, 2926, 1840, 1640, 1431, 1073, 915, 848, 765, 654 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 5.91–5.63 (m, 1 H), 5.20–5.08 (m, 2 H), 3.75–3.55 (m, 1 H), 3.71–3.42 (m, 2 H), 2.93 (s, 1 H), 2.33–2.15 (m, 2 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 134.1, 117.5, 71.4, 65.9, 37.6.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 103 [M + H],+ 125 [M + Na]+.


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(2S,4R,6S)-Tetrahydro-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-2H-pyran-4-ol (12)

TFA (21.5 mL) was added slowly to a solution of homoallylic alcohol 6 (2.5 g, 24.5 mmol) and acetaldehyde 5 (3.24 g, 73.5 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (50 mL) at 25 °C and the reaction mixture was stirred for 6 h at r.t. After completion of reaction, as monitored by TLC, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO3 (60 mL) and the pH was adjusted to >7 by addition of triethylamine. The two layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with CH2Cl2 (4 × 50 mL) and the combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was dissolved in MeOH (40 mL), potassium carbonate (10.16 g, 73.52 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 0.5 h. The MeOH was removed under reduced pressure and water (25 mL) was added. The mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2 (3 × 50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Purification of the crude material by column chromatography eluting with 60% EtOAc/ hexane afforded pure 12 (1.86 g, 52%) as a pale-yellow solid.

[α]D 22 +15.8 (c 1.1, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 3382, 2937, 2872, 1652, 1452, 1375, 1323, 1148, 1115, 1024, 953 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 3.82–3.72 (m, 1 H), 3.61–3.54 (m, 1 H), 3.53–3.38 (m, 3 H), 2.10 (s, 1 H), 1.95–1.88 (m, 1 H), 1.83–1.76 (m, 1 H), 1.66–1.55 (m, 2 H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 76.1, 71.8, 67.4, 65.3, 42.4, 36.4, 21.5.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 147 [M + H]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd. for C7H15O3: 147.09780; found: 147.09790.


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(2S,4R,6S)-Tetrahydro-6-methyl-2-p-toluenesulfonyloxymethyl-2H-pyran-4-ol (13)

To a stirred solution of alcohol 12 (1.8 g, 12.3 mmol), triethylamine (5.2 mL, 36.9 mmol) and DMAP (cat) in anhydrous dichloromethane (25 mL) at 0 °C was added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (2.8 g, 14.8 mmol) portionwise. After stirring for 2 h at r.t., the resulting mixture was quenched with sat aqueous NaHCO3 and extracted with dichloromethane (2 × 25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and filtered. Removal of solvent under reduced pressure and purification by silica gel chromatography eluting with 20% EtOAc/hexane afforded 13 (3.14 g 85%) as a viscous liquid.

[α]D 22 +34.8 (c 3, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 3395, 2973, 2859, 1597, 1451, 1358, 1176, 1095, 975, 817 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.76 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2 H), 4.03–3.87 (m, 2 H), 3.70 (dt, J = 15.3, 5.3 Hz, 1 H), 3.53 (dd, J = 10.8, 4.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.37 (dd, J = 10.9, 6.0 Hz, 1 H), 2.62 (s, 1 H), 2.45 (s, 3 H), 1.86 (dd, J = 12.0, 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 1.13 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3 H), 1.09–0.95 (m, 2 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 145.0, 133.3, 130.1, 128.4, 73.2, 72.6, 72.2, 68.4, 43.4, 37.5, 21.9, 21.8.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 323 [M + Na]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd. for C14H20O5NaS: 323.0929; found: 323.0915.


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(2S,4R,6S)-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl Methyl p-Toluene Sulfonate (14)

To a stirred solution of 13 (3.05 g, 10.2 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (12 mL) was added DMAP (0.248 g, 2.03 mmol), imidazole (2.1 g, 30.5 mmol) and TBSCl (2.38 g, 15.2 mmol) at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 4 h at r.t. After completion of reaction as monitored by TLC, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NH4Cl (40 mL) and the mixture was extracted with CH2Cl2 (2 × 50 mL). The organic layers were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting crude product on purification with silica gel column chromatography eluting with 10% EtOAc/hexane afforded TBS ether 14 (3.94 g, 94%) as a colourless oil.

[α]D 22 +8.1 (c 1.0, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 2932, 2856, 1598, 1461, 1363, 1254, 1179, 1121, 1073, 981, 835, 776, 667, 552 cm–1.

1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.95 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2 H), 7.48 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2 H), 4.19–4.02 (m, 2 H), 3.94–3.79 (m, 1 H), 3.75–3.62 (m, 1 H), 3.59–3.45 (m, 1 H), 2.62 (s, 3 H), 1.90 (ddd, J = 8.2, 5.0, 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 1.29 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 3 H), 1.04 (s, 9 H), 0.19 (s, 6 H).

13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 144.7, 129.7, 128.0, 72.8, 72.2, 71.8, 68.0, 42.9, 37.1, 25.7, 21.4, –4.6.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 437 [M + Na]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd. for C20H34O5NaSiS: 437.1793; found: 437.1782.


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tert-Butyl (((2S,4R,6S)-2-(Iodomethyl)-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)oxy) Dimethylsilane (4)

To a stirred solution of 14 (3.8 g, 9.2 mmol) in acetone (40 mL) was added NaI (20.7 g, 137.7 mmol) and the mixture was heated to reflux for 24 hours. After completion of reaction as monitored by TLC, the acetone was removed under reduced pressure. To the resulting residue was added water and CH2Cl2, and the organic layer was extracted, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 7% EtOAc/hexane to afford 15 (3.1 g, 91%) as a colourless liquid.

[α]D 22 +15.10 (c 1.0, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 2932, 2855, 1632, 1465, 1381, 1253, 1158, 1120, 1072, 836, 775 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 3.76–3.61 (m, 1 H), 3.47–3.33 (m, 1 H), 3.32–3.19 (m, 1 H), 3.17–3.00 (m, 2 H), 2.02–1.92 (m, 1 H), 1.72–1.62 (m, 1 H), 1.22 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3 H), 1.18–1.07 (m, 2 H), 0.88 (s, 9 H), 0.05 (s, 6 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 75.1, 72.0, 68.3, 43.0, 41.0, 25.8, 21.6, 9.1, –4.5.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 393 [M + Na]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd. for C13H27IO2SiNa: 393.16930; found: 393.16922.


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(2S,4S)-4-((tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)hept-6-en-2-ol (15)

To a stirred solution of iodide 4 (3.0 g, 8.1 mmol) in EtOH (60 mL), zinc dust (10.5 g, 162.16 mmol) was added, the mixture was heated to reflux for 3 h and then cooled to 25 °C. Solid NH4Cl (6.5 g) and ether (100 mL) were added and the resultant mixture was stirred for 10 min to obtain a grey suspension. The resulting suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite® and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography eluting with 12% EtOAc/hexane to give pure 15 (1.74 g, 88%, 97% de) as a colourless liquid.

[α]D 22 +36.8 (c 2.5, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 3444, 2957, 2932, 2858, 1640, 1466, 1370, 1254, 1090, 1063, 1001, 913, 834, 774 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 5.84–5.54 (m, 1 H), 5.11–4.92 (m, 2 H), 4.13–3.78 (m, 2 H), 2.81 (s, 1 H), 2.35–2.16 (m, 2 H), 1.60–1.43 (m, 2 H), 1.11 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3 H), 0.87 (s, 9 H), 0.07 (s, 3 H), 0.06 (s, 3 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 134.6, 117.4, 71.2, 64.4, 43.1, 41.1, 29.7, 25.7, 23.8, –4.5, –4.8

MS-ESIMS: m/z 245 [M + Na]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd. for C13H28O2Si: 245.19650; found: 245.19510.


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(4S,6S)-(6-(Benzyloxy)hept-1-en-4-yl)oxy(tert-butyl)dimethylsilane (16)

To a cooled suspension of NaH (0.4 g, 16.9 mmol, 60% w/w dispersion in paraffin oil) in anhydrous THF (10 mL), was added dropwise a solution of alcohol 15 (1.7 g, 6.7 mmol) in THF (25 mL) at 0 °C and the mixture was stirred for 30 min. To this reaction mixture TBAI (0.124 g, 3.4 mmol) and benzyl bromide (0.96 mL, 8.1 mmol) were added sequentially and stirring was continued for another 15 minutes at the same temperature, followed by 3 hours at reflux. The reaction was quenched with crushed ice until a biphasic solution formed. The reaction mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 × 25 mL) and the organic extracts were washed with water (25 mL), brine (25 mL), dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and filtered. Evaporation of the solvent followed by column chromatography eluting with 4% EtOAc/hexane afforded pure 16 (1.92 g, 85%) as a colourless liquid.

[α]D 22 +24.72 (c 2.8, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 2930, 2857, 1640, 1461, 1371, 1251, 1145, 1068, 998, 913, 833, 773, 734 cm–1.

1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.42–7.18 (m, 5 H), 5.84 (ddt, J = 17.4, 10.4, 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 5.17–5.01 (m, 2 H), 4.69–4.35 (m, 2 H), 4.15–3.99 (m, 1 H), 3.69 (dt, J = 10.0, 5.5 Hz, 1 H), 2.37 (dd, J = 6.9, 5.7 Hz, 2 H), 1.63–1.56 (m, 2 H), 1.15 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3 H), 0.92 (s, 9 H), 0.06 (s, 6 H).

13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 138.8, 134.6, 128.2, 127.6, 127.3, 117.1, 75.6, 70.7, 65.4, 44.8, 38.2, 29.6, 25.8, 24.6, 18.1, –3.8, –4.6.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 335 [M + H]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd. for C20H35O2NaSi: 335.2406; found: 335.2398.


#

(4S,6S)-6-(Benzyloxy)hept-1-en-4-ol (17)

To a stirred solution of 16 (1.8 g, 5.38 mmol) in anhydrous MeOH (25 mL), CSA (0.12 g, 0.05 mmol) was added at 0 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was warmed to r.t. and stirred for 4 h, then the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (25 mL), washed with brine, dried over (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 10% EtOAc/hexane afforded pure 17 (0.99 g, 84%) as a colourless liquid.

[α]D 22 +59.75 (c 0.25, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 3424, 2966, 2927, 1639, 1495, 1453, 1349, 1093, 1065, 998, 914, 739 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.38–7.20 (m, 5 H), 5.87–5.69 (m, 1 H), 5.15–5.02 (m, 2 H), 4.74–4.40 (m, 2 H), 3.98–3.85 (m, 1 H), 3.71 (dt, J = 9.8, 4.1 Hz, 1 H), 2.48–2.30 (m, 2 H), 1.74–1.51 (m, 2 H), 1.12 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 137.6, 133.6, 128.3, 127.7, 127.4, 117.6, 78.9, 70.5, 67.4, 42.4, 37.8, 23.3.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 243 [M + Na]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd. for C14H20O2Na: 243.1360; found: 243.1365.


#

(4R,6S)-6-(Benzyloxy)hept-1-en-4-yl Acrylate (18)

To a stirred mixture of 17 (0.9 g, 4 mmol), triphenylphosphine (3.75 g, 14.3 mmol) and acrylic acid (0.70 mL, 10.2 mmol) in anhydrous THF (20 mL) at 0 °C was added diethyl azodicarboxylate (2.2 mL, 14.3 mmol) via syringe. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 6 hours at r.t., diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2 × 50 mL). After removing the solvent, water (50 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with diethyl ether (3 × 30 mL). Separation of the organic solvents, drying over Na2SO4, filtering and removal of solvent under reduced pressure followed by flash chromatography eluting with 15% EtOAc/hexane afforded ester 18 (0.84 g, 75%) as a colourless liquid.

[α]D 22 +12.66 (c 0.42, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 2923, 2853, 1730, 1453, 1369, 1326, 1155, 1082, 1082, 923, 835, 750 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.32–7.18 (m, 5 H), 6.40–6.27 (m, 1 H), 6.03 (dd, J = 17.3, 10.4 Hz, 1 H), 5.89–5.70 (m, 2 H), 5.15–5.01 (m, 3 H), 4.60–4.40 (m, 2 H), 3.55–3.44 (m, 1 H), 2.38–2.26 (m, 2 H), 1.96 (dt, J = 14.1, 7.0 Hz, 1 H), 1.72–1.58 (m, 1 H), 1.21 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 165.6, 138.4, 134.2, 130.2, 128.8, 128.3, 127.7, 127.5, 117.4, 75.2, 70.5, 68.7, 40.0, 38.0, 20.1.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 297 [M + Na]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + Na]+ calcd. for C17H22O3NaP: 297.1466; found: 297.1461.


#

(R)-6-((S)-2-(Benzyloxy)propyl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (19)

A solution of compound 18 (0.70 g, 2.5 mmol) in anhydrous CH2Cl2 (500 mL) was degassed and Grubbs’ second generation catalyst (0.05 mg, 0.06 mmol) was added at r.t. under nitrogen atmosphere and the resulting pale-purple solution was heated to reflux for 12 hours. After completion of reaction (monitored by TLC), the majority of the solvent was distilled off and the concentrated solution was stirred at r.t. for 2 hours under air bubbling in order to decompose the catalyst. Evaporation to dryness under reduced pressure gave a brown residue that was purified by column chromatography on silica gel eluting with 40% EtOAc/hexane to afford cyclic lactone 19 (0.43 g, 70%) as a colourless oil.

[α]D 22 +87.65 (c 0.6, CHCl3).

IR (neat): 2938, 1730, 1373, 1217, 977, 746 cm–1.

1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 7.36–7.22 (m, 5 H), 6.82–6.72 (m, 1 H), 5.9 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1 H), 4.64–4.50 (m, 2 H), 4.40 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 1 H), 3.82–3.69 (m, 1 H), 2.38–2.08 (m, 3 H), 1.84–1.70 (m, 1 H), 1.28 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3 H).

13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 164.6, 145.1, 128.4, 127.6, 121.3, 75.3, 70.6, 70.2, 41.4, 29.2, 19.3.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 247 [M + H]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd. for C15H19O3: 247.1345; found: 247.1331.


#

(R)-6-((S)-2-Hydroxypropyl)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (2)

To a stirred solution of 19 (0.35 g, 14.2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (6 mL), TiCl4 (1.0 mL, 1.80 mmol) was added at 0 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was warmed to r.t. and stirred for 1 h. After completion of reaction (monitored by TLC), the reaction mixture was quenched with 1 M HCl, extracted with CH2Cl2 (50 mL), washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with 2% MeOH/chloroform to give euscapholide 2 (15.37 mg, 65%) as a colourless oil and a tetraketide 1 (6.24 mg, 24%) as a white solid.


#

Euscapholide (2)

[α]D 25 +113.8 (c 0.24, MeOH); Lit.[23] [α]D 25 +115.5 (c 1.52 MeOH).

IR (neat): 3427, 2934, 1730, 1370, 1245, 1219, 1172, 1096, 1034, 980, 864, 777 cm–1.

1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 6.88 (ddd, J = 10.2, 5.1, 3.2 Hz, 1 H), 5.96 (dd, J = 9.7, 1.9 Hz, 1 H), 4.70–4.62 (m, 1 H), 4.10–4.00 (m, 1 H), 2.52–2.38 (m, 3 H), 2.22 (br, 1 H), 1.80–1.74 (m, 1 H), 1.24 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 3 H).

13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 163.9, 145.1, 121.3, 76.9, 65.4, 43.6, 29.5, 23.8.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 157 [M + H]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd. for C8H13O3: 157.08592; found: 157.08611.


#

Tetraketide (1)

[α]D 25 –11.5 (c 0.8, MeOH); Lit.[7] [α]D 20 –12.7 (c 0.9, MeOH).

IR (neat): 2925, 2855, 1725, 1504, 1457, 1381, 1252, 1223, 1118, 1066, 1023, 767 cm–1.

1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 4.94–4.89 (m, 1 H), 4.45 (dd, J = 5.3, 2.5 Hz, 1 H), 3.93–3.85 (m, 1 H), 2.86 (dtd, J = 18.1, 2.5, 0.8 Hz, 1 H), 2.56–2.50 (m, 1 H), 2.32–2.26 (m, 1 H), 2.14 (ddd, J = 15.6, 7.8, 5.0 Hz, 1 H), 1.93–1.85 (m, 2 H), (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 3 H).

13C NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): δ = 169.2, 72.5, 64.6, 64.0, 40.8, 39.4, 25.9, 21.6.

MS-ESIMS: m/z 157 [M + H]+.

HRMS (ESI): m/z [M + H]+ calcd. for C8H13O3: 157.08592; found: 157.08594.


#
#

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Department of Postgraduate Studies for providing laboratory and analytical facilities.

Supporting Information

  • References

  • 1 Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Pure Appl. Chem. 2005; 77: 7
  • 2 Yoshio T, Yoshihiro O, Toshiya M, Eiji HA. T, Hideaki O. Phytochemistry 1998; 49: 2565
    • 3a Drewes SE, Sehlapelo BM, Horn MM, Scott-Shaw R, Sandor P. Phytochemistry 1995; 38: 1427
    • 3b Drewes SE, Horn MM, Shaw RS. Phytochemistry 1995; 40: 321
    • 3c Jiang Z.-H, Yang Q.-X, Tanaka T, Kouno I. J. Nat. Prod. 2008; 71: 724
    • 4a Fang X, Anderson JE, Chang C, Fanwick PE, McLaughlin JL. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1990; 1655
    • 4b Fang XP, Anderson JE, Chang CJ, McLaughlin JL, Fanwick PE. J. Nat. Prod. 1991; 54: 1034
    • 4c Goh SH, Ee GC. L, Chuah CH, Wei C. Aust. J. Chem. 1995; 48: 199
    • 4d Mu Q, Tang W, Li C, Lu Y, Sun H, Zheng X, Wu N, Lou L, Xu B. Heterocycles 1999; 51: 2969
    • 4e Takeda Y, Okada Y, Masuda T, Hirata E, Shinzato T, Takushi A, Yu Q, Otsuka H. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000; 48: 752
    • 4f Lan YH, Chang FR, Yu JH, Yang YL, Chang YL, Lee SJ, Wu YC. J. Nat. Prod. 2003; 66: 487
    • 4g Jiang ZH, Yang QX, Tanaka T, Kouno IJ. J. Nat. Prod. 2008; 71: 724
    • 4h Sohn JH, Oh H. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2010; 31: 1695
    • 4i Liou JR, Wu TY, Thang TD, Hwang TL, Wu CC, Cheng YB, Chiang MY, Lan YU, Shazly ME, Wu SL, Beerhues L, Yuan SS, Hou MF, Chen SL, Chang FR, Wu YC. J. Nat. Prod. 2014; 77: 2626
    • 4j Liu Y, Rakotondraibe LH, Brodie PJ, Wiley JD, Cassera MB, Miller JS, Ratovoson F, Rakotobe E, Rasamison VE, Kingston DG. I. J. Nat. Prod. 2015; 78: 1330
    • 4k Dong M, Zhang Q, Hirota M. Tian. Chan. Yau. Yu. Kaifa 2004; 16: 290 ; Chem. Abstr. 2004, 143, 33891
    • 4l Hsu FL, Chen YC, Cheng JT. Planta Med. 2000; 66: 228
    • 6a Gupta P, Naidu SV, Kumar P. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005; 46: 6571
    • 6b Yadav JS, Kumar NN, Sridhar Reddy M, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron 2007; 63: 2689
    • 6c Garaas SD, Hunter TJ, O’Doherty GA. J. Org. Chem. 2002; 67: 2682
    • 6d George S, Sudalai A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2007; 18: 975
  • 7 Padhi B, Sudhakar Reddy G, Mohapatra DK. J. Nat. Prod. 2016; 79: 2788
    • 8a Yadav JS, Narasimhulu G, Mallikarjuna Reddy N, Subba Reddy BV. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010; 51: 1574
    • 8b Yadav JS, Thrimurtulu N, Rahman MA, Satyanarayana Reddy J, Prasad AR, Subba Reddy BV. Synthesis 2010; 3657
    • 9a Furrow ME, Schaus SE, Jacobsen EN. J. Org. Chem. 1998; 63: 6776
    • 9b Nielsen LP. C, Zuend SJ, Ford DD, Jacobsen EN. J. Org. Chem. 2012; 77: 2486
  • 10 Boninia C, Chiummiento L, Lopardo MT, Pullez M, Colobert F, Solladié G. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003; 44: 2695
    • 11a Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005; 46: 2133
    • 11b Ramachandran PV, Subash JC, Bodhuri P, Debarshi P, Venkat MR. R. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2005; 3: 3812

      For the Prins cyclization, see, for example:
    • 12a Barry CSt. J, Crosby SR, Harding JR, Hughes RA, King CD, Parker GD, Willis CL. Org. Lett. 2003; 5: 2429
    • 12b Yang X.-F, Mague JT, Li C.-J. J. Org. Chem. 2001; 66: 739
    • 12c Aubele DL, Wan S, Floreancig PE. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005; 44: 3485
    • 12d Barry CS, Bushby N, Harding JR, Willis CS. Org. Lett. 2005; 7: 2683
    • 12e Cossey KN, Funk RL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004; 126: 12216
    • 12f Crosby SR, Harding JR, King CD, Parker GD, Willis CL. Org. Lett. 2002; 4: 3407
    • 12g Marumoto S, Jaber JJ, Vitale JP, Rychnovsky SD. Org. Lett. 2002; 4: 3919
    • 12h Kozmin SA. Org. Lett. 2001; 3: 755
    • 12i Jaber JJ, Mitsui K, Rychnovsky SD. J. Org. Chem. 2001; 66: 4679
    • 12j Kopecky DJ, Rychnovsky SD. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001; 123: 8420
    • 12k Rychnovsky SD, Thomas CR. Org. Lett. 2000; 2: 1217
    • 12l Rychnovsky SD, Yang G, Hu Y, Khire UR. J. Org. Chem. 1997; 62: 3022
    • 12m Su Q, Panek JS. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004; 126: 2425
    • 12n Yadav JS, Reddy BV. S, Sekhar KC, Gunasekar D. Synthesis 2001; 885
    • 12o Yadav JS, Reddy BV. S, Reddy MS, Niranjan N. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004; 210: 99
    • 12p Yadav JS, Reddy BV. S, Reddy MS, Niranjan N, Prasad AR. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003; 1779
    • 13a Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Rao PP, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 47: 4397
    • 13b Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 47: 4937
    • 13c Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005; 46: 2133
    • 13d Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 47: 4995
    • 13e Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Rao PP, Prasad AR. Synlett 2007; 2049
    • 13f Yadav JS, Rao PP, Reddy MS, Rao NV, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007; 48: 1469
    • 13g Yadav JS, Kumar NN, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron 2007; 63: 2689
    • 13h Rao AV. R, Reddy ER, Joshi BV, Yadav JS. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987; 28: 6497
  • 14 Kong X, Grindley TB. Can. J. Chem. 1994; 72: 2396
  • 15 Sabitha G, Rao AS, Yadav JS. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013; 11: 7218
  • 16 Brun E, Bellosta V, Cossy J. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 80: 8668
    • 17a Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Rao PP, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 47: 4397
    • 17b Brun E, Bellosta V, Cossy J. Chem. Commun. 2014; 50: 6718
    • 18a Choon HT, Yoshihisa K, Yoshitokishi K. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000; 4282
    • 18b Pereira CL, Chen Y.-H, McDonald FE. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009; 131: 6066
    • 18c Wu B, Mallinger A. Org. Lett. 2010; 12: 2818
  • 19 Chakraborty TK, RamkrishnaV R, Chattopadhyay AK. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 42: 7435
    • 20a Mitsunobu O. Synthesis 1981; 1: 1
    • 20b Dembinski R. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2004; 2763
    • 20c Ahn C, Correia R, Deshong P. J. Org. Chem. 2002; 67: 175
    • 20d Mitsunobu O, Yamada M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1967; 40: 2380
  • 21 Grubbs RH. Handbook of Metathesis . Wiley; New York: 2003. 2, 296
  • 22 Subhash G, Rao NN. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010; 51: 2052
  • 23 Yoshio T, Yoshihiro O, Toshiya M, Eiji HA. T, Hideaki O. Phytochemistry 1998; 49: 2565

Corresponding Authors

Dhanraj O. Biradar
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
Hyderabad-500007, Telangana
India   
Basi V. Subba Reddy
Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
Hyderabad-500007, Telangana
India   

Publication History

Received: 12 September 2022

Accepted after revision: 13 October 2022

Article published online:
24 November 2022

© 2022. The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

  • References

  • 1 Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Pure Appl. Chem. 2005; 77: 7
  • 2 Yoshio T, Yoshihiro O, Toshiya M, Eiji HA. T, Hideaki O. Phytochemistry 1998; 49: 2565
    • 3a Drewes SE, Sehlapelo BM, Horn MM, Scott-Shaw R, Sandor P. Phytochemistry 1995; 38: 1427
    • 3b Drewes SE, Horn MM, Shaw RS. Phytochemistry 1995; 40: 321
    • 3c Jiang Z.-H, Yang Q.-X, Tanaka T, Kouno I. J. Nat. Prod. 2008; 71: 724
    • 4a Fang X, Anderson JE, Chang C, Fanwick PE, McLaughlin JL. J. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1990; 1655
    • 4b Fang XP, Anderson JE, Chang CJ, McLaughlin JL, Fanwick PE. J. Nat. Prod. 1991; 54: 1034
    • 4c Goh SH, Ee GC. L, Chuah CH, Wei C. Aust. J. Chem. 1995; 48: 199
    • 4d Mu Q, Tang W, Li C, Lu Y, Sun H, Zheng X, Wu N, Lou L, Xu B. Heterocycles 1999; 51: 2969
    • 4e Takeda Y, Okada Y, Masuda T, Hirata E, Shinzato T, Takushi A, Yu Q, Otsuka H. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2000; 48: 752
    • 4f Lan YH, Chang FR, Yu JH, Yang YL, Chang YL, Lee SJ, Wu YC. J. Nat. Prod. 2003; 66: 487
    • 4g Jiang ZH, Yang QX, Tanaka T, Kouno IJ. J. Nat. Prod. 2008; 71: 724
    • 4h Sohn JH, Oh H. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2010; 31: 1695
    • 4i Liou JR, Wu TY, Thang TD, Hwang TL, Wu CC, Cheng YB, Chiang MY, Lan YU, Shazly ME, Wu SL, Beerhues L, Yuan SS, Hou MF, Chen SL, Chang FR, Wu YC. J. Nat. Prod. 2014; 77: 2626
    • 4j Liu Y, Rakotondraibe LH, Brodie PJ, Wiley JD, Cassera MB, Miller JS, Ratovoson F, Rakotobe E, Rasamison VE, Kingston DG. I. J. Nat. Prod. 2015; 78: 1330
    • 4k Dong M, Zhang Q, Hirota M. Tian. Chan. Yau. Yu. Kaifa 2004; 16: 290 ; Chem. Abstr. 2004, 143, 33891
    • 4l Hsu FL, Chen YC, Cheng JT. Planta Med. 2000; 66: 228
    • 6a Gupta P, Naidu SV, Kumar P. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005; 46: 6571
    • 6b Yadav JS, Kumar NN, Sridhar Reddy M, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron 2007; 63: 2689
    • 6c Garaas SD, Hunter TJ, O’Doherty GA. J. Org. Chem. 2002; 67: 2682
    • 6d George S, Sudalai A. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2007; 18: 975
  • 7 Padhi B, Sudhakar Reddy G, Mohapatra DK. J. Nat. Prod. 2016; 79: 2788
    • 8a Yadav JS, Narasimhulu G, Mallikarjuna Reddy N, Subba Reddy BV. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010; 51: 1574
    • 8b Yadav JS, Thrimurtulu N, Rahman MA, Satyanarayana Reddy J, Prasad AR, Subba Reddy BV. Synthesis 2010; 3657
    • 9a Furrow ME, Schaus SE, Jacobsen EN. J. Org. Chem. 1998; 63: 6776
    • 9b Nielsen LP. C, Zuend SJ, Ford DD, Jacobsen EN. J. Org. Chem. 2012; 77: 2486
  • 10 Boninia C, Chiummiento L, Lopardo MT, Pullez M, Colobert F, Solladié G. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003; 44: 2695
    • 11a Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005; 46: 2133
    • 11b Ramachandran PV, Subash JC, Bodhuri P, Debarshi P, Venkat MR. R. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2005; 3: 3812

      For the Prins cyclization, see, for example:
    • 12a Barry CSt. J, Crosby SR, Harding JR, Hughes RA, King CD, Parker GD, Willis CL. Org. Lett. 2003; 5: 2429
    • 12b Yang X.-F, Mague JT, Li C.-J. J. Org. Chem. 2001; 66: 739
    • 12c Aubele DL, Wan S, Floreancig PE. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005; 44: 3485
    • 12d Barry CS, Bushby N, Harding JR, Willis CS. Org. Lett. 2005; 7: 2683
    • 12e Cossey KN, Funk RL. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004; 126: 12216
    • 12f Crosby SR, Harding JR, King CD, Parker GD, Willis CL. Org. Lett. 2002; 4: 3407
    • 12g Marumoto S, Jaber JJ, Vitale JP, Rychnovsky SD. Org. Lett. 2002; 4: 3919
    • 12h Kozmin SA. Org. Lett. 2001; 3: 755
    • 12i Jaber JJ, Mitsui K, Rychnovsky SD. J. Org. Chem. 2001; 66: 4679
    • 12j Kopecky DJ, Rychnovsky SD. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001; 123: 8420
    • 12k Rychnovsky SD, Thomas CR. Org. Lett. 2000; 2: 1217
    • 12l Rychnovsky SD, Yang G, Hu Y, Khire UR. J. Org. Chem. 1997; 62: 3022
    • 12m Su Q, Panek JS. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004; 126: 2425
    • 12n Yadav JS, Reddy BV. S, Sekhar KC, Gunasekar D. Synthesis 2001; 885
    • 12o Yadav JS, Reddy BV. S, Reddy MS, Niranjan N. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004; 210: 99
    • 12p Yadav JS, Reddy BV. S, Reddy MS, Niranjan N, Prasad AR. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003; 1779
    • 13a Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Rao PP, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 47: 4397
    • 13b Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 47: 4937
    • 13c Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005; 46: 2133
    • 13d Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 47: 4995
    • 13e Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Rao PP, Prasad AR. Synlett 2007; 2049
    • 13f Yadav JS, Rao PP, Reddy MS, Rao NV, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007; 48: 1469
    • 13g Yadav JS, Kumar NN, Reddy MS, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron 2007; 63: 2689
    • 13h Rao AV. R, Reddy ER, Joshi BV, Yadav JS. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987; 28: 6497
  • 14 Kong X, Grindley TB. Can. J. Chem. 1994; 72: 2396
  • 15 Sabitha G, Rao AS, Yadav JS. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2013; 11: 7218
  • 16 Brun E, Bellosta V, Cossy J. J. Org. Chem. 2015; 80: 8668
    • 17a Yadav JS, Reddy MS, Rao PP, Prasad AR. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 47: 4397
    • 17b Brun E, Bellosta V, Cossy J. Chem. Commun. 2014; 50: 6718
    • 18a Choon HT, Yoshihisa K, Yoshitokishi K. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000; 4282
    • 18b Pereira CL, Chen Y.-H, McDonald FE. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009; 131: 6066
    • 18c Wu B, Mallinger A. Org. Lett. 2010; 12: 2818
  • 19 Chakraborty TK, RamkrishnaV R, Chattopadhyay AK. Tetrahedron Lett. 2006; 42: 7435
    • 20a Mitsunobu O. Synthesis 1981; 1: 1
    • 20b Dembinski R. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2004; 2763
    • 20c Ahn C, Correia R, Deshong P. J. Org. Chem. 2002; 67: 175
    • 20d Mitsunobu O, Yamada M. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1967; 40: 2380
  • 21 Grubbs RH. Handbook of Metathesis . Wiley; New York: 2003. 2, 296
  • 22 Subhash G, Rao NN. Tetrahedron Lett. 2010; 51: 2052
  • 23 Yoshio T, Yoshihiro O, Toshiya M, Eiji HA. T, Hideaki O. Phytochemistry 1998; 49: 2565

Zoom Image
Figure 1 Bioactive natural products bearing the α,β-unsaturated δ-lactone motif[5a] [b]
Zoom Image
Scheme 1 Retrosynthetic analysis of tetraketide (1) and euscapholide (2)
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Scheme 2 Reagents and conditions: (a) NaH, BnOH, THF, 0 °C to rt, 12 h, 94%; (b) (R,R)Co-Salen, AcOH, H2O, THF, 0 °C to rt, 36 h, 46%; (c) CH2=CH-Br, Mg, THF, CuCN, 1,2-dibromoethane, –78 to –40 °C, 4 h, 92%; (d) Li, Liq. NH3, THF, –33 °C, 20 min, 90%.
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Scheme 3 Reagents and conditions: (a) i. TFA, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to rt, 3 h; ii. K2CO3, MeOH, r.t., 0.5 h, 52%; (b) TEA, TsCl, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to rt, 6 h, 85%; (c) TBSCl, imidazole, DMAP, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to rt, 4 h, 94%; (d) NaI, acetone, reflux, 24 h, 91%; (e) Zn, EtOH, reflux, 4 h, 88%; (f) NaH, BnBr, TBAI, THF, 0 °C to rt, 4 h, 85%; (g) CSA, MeOH, 0 °C to rt, 2 h, 84%; (h) Acrylic acid, TPP, DEAD, 0 °C to rt, 6 h, 75%; (i) Grubbs’ second generation catalyst, CH2Cl2, reflux, 18 h, 70%; (j) TiCl4, DCM, 0 °C, 0.5 h, 89%.