Key words
diabetes - alimentation - obesity
Introduction
People suffering from diabetes mellitus, need to make minor or major lifestyle adjustments. These adjustments can lead to either successful adherence to medical regimens and control of the disease or, on the contrary, to an ineffective or maladaptive coping [1]. Type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) have to adhere to some responsibilities such as: modification of lifestyle (diet, exercise, and weight control), self-monitoring of blood glucose concentrations, foot care, and administration of medications. Difficulties in properly implementing these tasks can be associated with suboptimum glycemic control [2]. Comorbidity like psychological diseases such as depression, anxiety [3]
[4] and eating disorders [5] difficult the aforementioned lifestyle adjustments and are associated with bad metabolic control and vascular complications.
The association of eating disorders (ED) with diabetes is recognized in the scientific literature, but the majority of studies focus on ED in young females with type 1 diabetes mellitus [6]
[7], whereas the more common type 2 diabetes mellitus disease has attracted substantially less interest. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of ED in a type 2 diabetes patients cohort, to identify the more predominant forms of ED in patients with T2DM, and to clarify if ED is associated with impaired metabolic control in these patients.
Methods
A cohort of 517 patients with type 2 diabetes aged≥40 years and a control cohort of 304 patients without diabetes, age and gender matched, were enrolled from 3 primary care centres. Exclusion criteria: personal history of psychiatric diseases and/or use of psychotropic drugs, by their Primary Care Physician after consulting their medical history. All patients were living in the region of Pontevedra, a province in the Northwest of Spain, which recorded 958 428 inhabitants in the 2012 official census. All subjects completed the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns-Revised (QEWP-R), followed by a structured interview (EDE 17th version to diagnosis of ED with DSM-5 criteria) [8]. These studies were carried out by 3 experienced psychologists who were members of the study group. Eating disorders involve serious disturbances in eating behavior, such as extreme and unhealthy reduction of food intake or severe overeating, as well as feelings of distress or extreme concern about body shape or weight. Eating Disorders in DSM-5 consider the follow clinical entities: Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Binge Eating Disorder, Pica, Rumination Disorder, Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED) and Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder (UFED) [9].
Study variables were: presence/absence of T2DM, ED rates, body mass index (BMI), and serum glycosylate haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as required by DCCT standards.
Results
The overall prevalence of ED in the patients with T2DM and control cohorts was 32.5% and 19.7%, respectively (p<0.001). The frequency of ED in the patients with T2DM cohort was significantly higher in male than in female patients: 61.9% vs. 38.1% of patients with ED, respectively (p<0.001). With regard to the specific kind of ED based on DSM-5, the most prevalent form was unspecified feeding or eating disorder (UFED) in 24.6% of patients with T2DM, followed by other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) in 5.8%. When we compared the prevalence of these forms of ED between both cohorts, we found that only UFED is significantly more prevalent in the patients with T2DM cohort, 24.6% vs. 14.5% (p<0.001) ([Table 1]). Mean HbA1c was 7.15%±1.1% (55 mmol/mol, 159 mg/dL) and 6.84%±1.1% (51 mmol/mol,150 mg/dL) in patients with T2DM with ED and without ED, respectively (p=0.047).
Table 1 Prevalence of eating disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with patients without diabetes.
|
T2DM Cohort
N=517
|
Control Cohort
N=304
|
|
Mean age (years)
|
63.9±8.98
|
60.1±9.43
|
|
Female gender (%)
|
42.2
|
55.6
|
|
Mean BMI
|
31.1±5.24
|
28.3±4.25
|
|
ED prevalence (%)
|
32.5
|
19.7*
|
|
Female
|
38.1
|
68.3
|
|
Male
|
61.9
|
31.7
|
|
BN
|
0
|
0.3
|
|
BED
|
0.6
|
0.3
|
|
OSFED
|
5.8
|
3.6
|
|
UFED
|
24.6
|
14.5*
|
*=p<0.01
BED: binge eating disorder; BMI: body-mass index; BN: bulimia nervosa; ED: eating disorder; OSFED: other specified feeding or eating disorder; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; UFED: unspecified feeding or eating disorder
Discussion
Studies report a wide range prevalence of ED in patients with T2DM: binge eating disorder (BED) from 2.5% to 40% [10]
[11]
[12]
[13], Subclinical-BED (Sub-BED) from 7% to 20% [5]
[11]
[14]
[15], and Night Eating Syndrome (NES) 3.8% [16]. However, these studies didn’t have a control group with patients without diabetes.
In the present investigation a significantly higher prevalence of ED was observed among patients with T2DM, compared with patients without T2DM from the same population. In contrast with findings in patients with type 1 diabetes and adults without diabetes, ED were more prevalent in males than in females with T2DM. The most prevalent forms of ED based on DSM-5 criteria were UFED (mainly uncontrolled picking at food), OSFED (including incomplete forms of BED and night eaters), and BED, both in patients and controls. Contrary to some previous studies [11]
[17], we have observed significant high levels of HbA1c in the group of patients with T2DM with ED compared with those without ED, indicating that the coexistence of type 2 diabetes and ED significantly affects metabolic control in these patients. The results of this study indicate the need to rule out any eating disorder in patients with type 2 diabetes poorly compensated.
