PDF herunterladen
Horm Metab Res 2017; 49(08): 565-571
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-112347
Review
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Low-Carbohydrate-Diet Score and its Association with the Risk of Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

Nazli Namazi
1   Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular- Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,
Bagher Larijani
2   Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
,
Leila Azadbakht
3   Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4   Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
5   Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
› Institutsangaben
Weitere Informationen

Publikationsverlauf

received 09. April 2017

accepted 08. Mai 2017

Publikationsdatum:
05. Juli 2017 (online)

Auch verfügbar auf
    Lizenzen und Reprints

Abstract

The association between a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) score and the risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) is contradictory. This study is a systemic review of cohort studies that have focused on the association between the LCD score and DM. We searched PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Embase, ISI Web of Science, and Google Scholar for papers published through January 2017 with no language restrictions. Cohort studies that reported relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for DM were included. Finally, 4 studies were considered for our meta-analysis. The total number of participants ranged from 479 to 85 059. Among 4 cohort studies, 8 081 cases with DM were observed over follow-up durations ranging from 3.6 to 20 years. A marginal significant association was observed between the highest LCD score and the risk of DM (RR=1.17; 95% CI: 0.9, 1.51). Moreover, the RRs for studies with energy adjustments showed a significant association (RR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.49; I2: 0%). Based on our findings, study qualities score of less or equal to 7 had a significant influence on the pooled effect size (RR=1.31, 95%CI: 1.15, 1.49; I2: 0%), whereas the overall RR in the studies with quality score more than 7 was 1.09 (95% CI: 0.73, 1.63). In conclusion, we have found that the highest LCD score was marginally associated with the risk of DM. However, more prospective cohort studies are needed to clarify the effects of the LCD score on the risk of DM.

Key words

low carbohydrate diet score - diabetes - meta-analysis

Supplementary Material

 

  • References

  • 1 Association AD . Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2017: Summary of Revisions. Diabetes Care 2017; 40: S4-S5
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 2 World heath Organization. Diabetes.Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/ 2 March 2017
    PubMed
  • 3 Ley SH, Hamdy O, Mohan V, Hu FB. Prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: dietary components and nutritional strategies. Lancet 2014; 383: 1999-2007
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 4 Maghsoudi Z, Azadbakht L. How dietary patterns could have a role in prevention, progression, or management of diabetes mellitus? Review on the current evidence. J Res Med Sci 2012; 17: 694-709
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 5 Lindström J, Peltonen M, Eriksson J, Ilanne-Parikka P, Aunola S, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Uusitupa M, Tuomilehto J. Improved lifestyle and decreased diabetes risk over 13 years: long-term follow-up of the randomised Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Diabetologia 2013; 56: 284-293
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 6 Vitale M, Masulli M, Rivellese A, Babini A, Boemi M, Bonora E, Buzzetti R, Ciano O, Cignarelli M, Cigolini M, Clemente G, Citro G, Corsi L, Dall’Aglio E, Del Prato S, Di Cianni G, Dolci MA, Giordano C, Iannarelli R, Iovine C, Lapolla A, Lauro D, Leotta S, Mazzucchelli C, Montani V, Perriello G, Romano G, Romeo F, Santarelli L, di Cola RS, Squatrito S, Tonutti L, Trevisan R, Turco AA, Zamboni C, Riccardi G, Vaccaro O. Influence of dietary fat and carbohydrates proportions on plasma lipids, glucose control and low-grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes—The TOSCA. IT Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 55: 1645-1651
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 7 Shirani F, Esmaillzadeh A, Keshteli AH, Adibi P, Azadbakht L. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and metabolic syndrome: An epidemiologic study among Iranian women. Nutrition 2015; 31: 1124-1130
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 8 Willett W, Manson J, Liu S. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 274S-280S
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 9 Schulze MB, Liu S, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary fiber intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 348-356
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 10 Barclay AW, Petocz P, McMillan-Price J, Flood VM, Prvan T, Mitchell P, Brand-Miller JC. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk—a meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 627-637
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 11 Bao W, Li S, Chavarro JE, Tobias DK, Zhu Y, Hu FB, Zhang C. Low carbohydrate-diet scores and long-term risk of type 2 diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2016; 39: 43-49
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 12 De Koning L, Fung TT, Liao X, Chiuve SE, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Hu FB. Low-carbohydrate diet scores and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 93: 844-850
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 13 Eslamian G, Mirmiran P, Asghari G, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Youzbashian E, Azizi F. Low carbohydrate diet score does not predict metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Arch Iran Med 2014; 17: 417-422
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 14 He YN, Feskens E, Li YP, Zhang J, Ping F, Sheng G, Yang XG. Association between high fat-low carbohydrate diet score and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population. Biomed Environ Sci 2012; 25: 373-382
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 15 Halton TL, Willett WC, Liu SM, Manson JE, Albert CM, Rexrode K. Low-carbohydrate-diet score and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1991-2002
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 16 Pladevall M, Varas-lorenzo C, Viswanathan M. Quality assessment of observational studies in a drug-safety systematic review, comparison of two tools: The Newcastle–Ottawa scale and the RTI item bank. Clin Epidemiol 2014; 6: 359-368
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 17 Schroll JB, Moustgaard R, Gøtzsche PC. Dealing with substantial heterogeneity in Cochrane reviews. Cross-sectional study. BMC Med Res Methodol 2011; 11: 22
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 18 Sluijs I, Beulens JW, Spijkerman AM, Grobbee DE, Van der Schouw YT. Dietary intake of total, animal, and vegetable protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL study. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 43-48
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 19 Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR, Slavin J, Sellers TA, Folsom AR. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71: 921-930
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 20 Salmeron J, Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73: 1019-1026
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 21 Van Dam RM, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Dietary fat and meat intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 417-424
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 22 Gower BA, Goss AM. A lower-carbohydrate, higher-fat diet reduces abdominal and intermuscular fat and increases insulin sensitivity in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes. J Nutr 2015; 145: 177S-183S
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 23 Black MH, Watanabe RM, Trigo E, Takayanagi M, Lawrence JM, Buchanan TA, Xiang AH. High-fat diet is associated with obesity-mediated insulin resistance and b-cell dysfunction in Mexican Americans. J Nutr 2013; 143: 479-485
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 24 Krebs JD, Bell D, Hall R, Parry-Strong A, Docherty PD, Clarke K, Chase JG. Improvements in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity with a low-carbohydrate diet in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 32: 11-17
    PubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 25 Chiu S, Williams PT, Dawson T, Bergman RN, Stefanovski D, Watkins SM, Krauss RM. Diets high in protein or saturated fat do not affect insulin sensitivity or plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults. J Nutr 2014; 144: 1753-1759
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 26 Lamont B, Waters M, Andrikopoulos S. A low-carbohydrate high-fat diet increases weight gain and does not improve glucose tolerance, insulin secretion or β-cell mass in NZO mice. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6: e194
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 27 Sluijs I, Beulens JW, Van Der Schouw YT, Buckland G, Kuijsten A, Schulze MB, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Balkau B, Boeing H, Gavrila D, Grote VA, Key TJ, Li K, Nilsson P, Overvad K, Palli D, Panico S, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Roswall N, Sacerdote C, Sánchez MJ, Sieri S, Slimani N, Spijkerman AM, Tjønneland A, Tumino R, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Feskens EJ, Forouhi NG, Riboli E, Wareham NJ. Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and digestible carbohydrate intake are not associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in eight European countries. J Nutr 2013; 143: 93-99
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 28 Mann C. Observational research methods. Research design II: Cohort, cross sectional, and case-control studies. Emerg Med J 2003; 20: 54-60
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 29 Hu T, Mills KT, Yao L, Demanelis K, Eloustaz M, Yancy WS, Kelly TN, He J, Bazzano LA. Effects of low-carbohydrate diets versus low-fat diets on metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176: S44-S54
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 30 Sargrad KR, Homko C, Mozzoli M, Boden G. Effect of high protein vs high carbohydrate intake on insulin sensitivity, body weight, hemoglobin A1c, and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105: 573-580
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 31 Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Obarzanek E, Swain JF, Miller ER. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the Omni Heart randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 2455-2464
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 32 Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Schulze MB, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94: 1088-1096
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 33 Aune D, Ursin G, Veierød MB. Meat consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 2277-2287
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 34 Risérus U, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48: 44-51
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 35 Newgard CB. Interplay between lipids and branched-chain amino acids in development of insulin resistance. Cell Metab 2012; 15: 606-614
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 36 Bhupathiraju SN, Tobias DK, Malik VS, Pan A, Hruby A, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes: Results from 3 large US cohorts and an updated meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 218-232
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 37 Livesey G, Taylor R, Livesey H, Liu S. Is there a dose-response relation of dietary glycemic load to risk of type 2 diabetes? Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97: 584-596
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 38 Yao B, Fang H, Xu W, Yan Y, Xu H, Liu Y, Mo M, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: A dose–response analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2014; 29: 79-88
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar
  • 39 Aune D, Norat T, Romundstad P, Vatten LJ. Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28: 845-858
    CrossrefPubMedSuche in Google Scholar