Introduction
Only 15% of all strokes are hemorrhagic strokes. They are notorious for their tendency
to develop subsequent severe debilitating neurological deficits.[1] Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) with or without the intraventricular hemorrhage tends
to have significant morbidity owing to mass effect and secondary brain injury.[2] When hemorrhage occurs in the absence of any coagulopathy or vascular anomaly, it
is primary ICH. The most common cause is hypertension.[3] Options and indications for surgical or medical management remain controversial.
Although surgical management might have some advantages, it is undone by the parenchymal
damage caused.[4]
Minimally invasive surgery has improved outcomes to some extent. In the present study,
we suggest modification of the classic technique using common neurosurgical equipment.
This study aims to introduce a new cost-effective way for intraparenchymal hemorrhage
(IPH) evacuation with reduced morbidity.
Technique and Case report
A 50-year-old hypertensive male patient was admitted with a history of altered consciousness
for a day. All routine investigations and computed tomography (CT) scans showed the
left gangliocapsular region with a volume of hematoma was 36 mL. He was stuporous
with the Glasgow coma scale of E2V1M3. He had right hemiparesis with grade ⅖ power
in his upper and lower limbs. Reflexes in the right lower limb were exaggerated and
the right plantar reflex was extensor. Because of his clinical condition, an emergency
evacuation of the hematoma was done. The precise location of the hematoma was decided
with the help of a CT scan. A burr hole was performed at the left Kocher's point.
Dura was cauterized and opened. A no.10 infant feeding tube (IFT) was inserted perpendicular
to the brain surface into the left midpupillary line up to 6.5 cm. The hematoma was
encountered. Approximately, 5 mL of blood clots were removed and after that 40,000
IU urokinase was instilled in the hematoma location via in situ IFT. The patient had
shifted to neuro-intensive care unit for postoperative management. After an hour of
administration of urokinase, 3 to 5 mL of the blood clot was meticulously evacuated
from in situ IFT. The cycle was repeated 8 hours daily for 3 days, followed by a CT
scan to assess the volume of hematoma that showed a declining trend. After 3 days
of the cycle, there was only a 4 mL hematoma at the left gangliocapsular region. Concurrent
improvement in neurological conditions was also evident. There was a spontaneous eye
opening. He was able to localize suprasternal painful stimulus. The patient was discharged
on the 14th postoperative day after suture removal and with Ryle's tube and per-urethral
catheter in situ. CT scan at the time of diagnosis was suggestive of a small area
of gliosis at the site of the hematoma. The patient was asked to follow-up after 10
days. Ryle's tube and the per-urethral catheter were removed. The patient was conscious
and oriented. There was a significant improvement in right lower limb power as to
grade ⅘.
Clinical Significance
IPH is notorious for associated morbidity and mortality, but the data remain the same
for the past 30 years despite advancements in the medical field. Incidence is higher
in males.[5] ICH invariably presents with focal neurological deficits that localize to the bleeding
site. Convulsion, vomiting, and headache are associated symptoms due to raised intracranial
pressure. Bleeding incites edema and dissects through parenchyma and may reach up
to ventricles. Deterioration is at a maximum within 3 days of the event due to local
edema and neuronal death. CT scan is the investigation of choice and helps determine
the volume of hematoma.[6]
Patients can be managed either surgically or medically. Some studies compare the efficacy
of these two and their timely implementation according to clinical and radiological
parameters.[7] Minimal invasive surgery (MIS) with the use of urokinase is the latest dimension
of treatment.[8] Numerous modifications of MIS have been proposed. Different studies show one similar
conclusion that early surgical intervention improves outcomes. The use of fibrinolytic
agents is better than decompressive craniectomy alone.[7]
[8] The main hurdle while implementing this technique is its cost and availability to
peripheral centers in third-world countries. In this case, we tried to overcome those
limitations by using IFT and imaging calculation to replace MIS and stereotactic instruments.
The use of urokinase is also cost-effective when compared with recombinant tissue
plasminogen activators. It is safe in comparison to streptokinase.
In the current case, we have demonstrated the use of imaging studies to precisely
localize the hematoma and the usage of IFT by modification of the Extra Ventricular
Drainage (EVD) insertion technique to instill urokinase into the hematoma. We have
got positive results in this 50-year-old patient with IPH. The parent model for this
technique is Minimally Invasive Surgery plus Rt-PA for ICH Evacuation (MISTIE) and
Clinical Trial on Treatment of Intraventricular Hemorrhage (CLEAR) trials.[9]
[10] To prevent infection while using IFT, same technique (minimal possible handling,
no touch to surroundings) is followed as using a ventricular catheter. Subgaleal course
is kept more than 5 cm. The outlet is secured with a sterile dressing. While instilling,
a three-way connector is used.
It is just a case report. The large series with comparative groups are required to
provide evidence for the application of this cost-effective technique. The takeaway
message is that this is doing more with less and provides a dimension for future research
and application. Currently, a longitudinal study is being undergone in our center
that will compare the results of this technique with existing treatment modalities.
Conclusion
ICH requires prompt and proper intervention. Early surgical intervention is the key
in a few cases. With the use of the minimal neurosurgical facility, we can provide
better patient care with less morbidity and good clinical outcome, specifically in
areas that lack advanced neurosurgical services, such as peripheral centers in developing
and underdeveloped countries. MIS has significantly less morbidity. It limits exposure
to the normal brain parenchyma and has a higher complication rate. Conventionally,
it is used with stereotaxy making it expensive and restricting it to higher centers.
We propose a simple technique that is cost-effective and easy to apply even in peripheral
centers.
