Keywords
athletes - femoracetabular impingement - pubic bone - soccer
Introduction
Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is the most common cause of hip pain. FAI results
from an anomalous contact between the proximal end of the femur and the acetabular
margin due to the abnormal development of these structures. It is attributed to genetic
factors and the practice of intense physical activity, culminating in the lesions
in the labrum and acetabular cartilage, which, in long-term, transform into degenerative
hip diseases, mainly in young patients.[1]
[2]
There are two mechanisms described for FAI development. The first mechanism consists
of CAM-type impingement, in which the patient presents a non-spherical femoral head
or a decreased displacement between the femoral head and neck; in this case, the impingement
area is in the anterolateral portion of the femoral head-neck junction. The second
mechanism is pincer-type impingement, characterized by a cartilage abnormality, an
anterosuperior labral lesion, and acetabular over coverage with an increased anterior
wall. There is also a mixed type in which both mechanisms coexist.[3]
FAI prevalence is higher in the athletic population, especially in sports involving
intense physical exertion, such as soccer. There are reports that morphological alterations
from CAM-type FAI affect about 60% of professional soccer players, representing a
high prevalence in this population.[4]
The influence of sports on FAI development, resulting in athlete pubalgia, has been
recognized. This involvement is frequent in young adults who practice exercises requiring
repetitive hip movements, including flexion and internal rotation, as in soccer. This
condition debilitates the subject, limiting the athletic performance due to pain,
and, in the long term, leads to the early occurrence of osteoarthritis and retirement
from professional football.[1]
[2]
[5]
In athletes, pubalgia usually appears after skeletal maturity. Pain is intense, may
be insidious or sudden, and worsens during the execution of squats, cuts, and pivot
movements. This fact explains the high incidence in this specific population. Athletes
have a greater risk of hip injuries due to excessive, high-intensity, repetitive movements
favoring intra- and extra-articular micro-injuries. Furthermore, mechanical signs
such as pain, stiffness, and reduced hip amplitude, mainly in flexion and rotation,
are common symptoms in athletes.[6]
This pain is related to physical activity and usually resolves with rest. Withdrawal
from activities can solve the symptoms, but recurrence when resuming sports practices
is characteristic of this syndrome. Such factors can lead to FAI-related chronic hip
pain, reducing the athlete's performance.[1]
[6]
[7]
In addition, adolescents participating in high-impact sports with extreme hip movements
are more likely to develop FAI. Physical activity during the bone growth period is
associated with a higher risk of CAM-type FAI, potentially related to physeal abnormalities.[3]
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of FAI in professional soccer athletes
and its relationship with pubalgia.
Materials and Methods
This project began after approval by the Ethics Committee, CAAE number 52795020.7.0000.5174,
respecting Resolution number 466/12 of the Brazilian National Health Council (CNS,
for its acronym in Portuguese) and the Nuremberg and Helsinki principles.
This is an epidemiological, cross-sectional, and analytical study. It included 90
professional soccer players working in a professional soccer club from 2019 to 2021,
who, by signing an informed consent form (ICF), voluntarily accepted to participate
in this study.
Inclusion criteria were athletes playing in the professional field soccer club during
the 2019-2021 season, who underwent a modified PCMA upon admission and signed the
ICF. The following subjects were excluded from the study: those who did not show up
for data collection, who did not sign or partially agree with the ICG, who did not
fully respond to the question form, or who did not participate in competitions during
the 2019-2021 season.
The data collection process encompassed three stages. First, participants signing
the ICF received a clear, objective explanation of the project. Next, we applied the
modified PCMA protocol, which is used for admitting professional athletes. This protocol
has clinical, laboratory, and radiographic criteria to evaluate the athlete's general
condition, emphasizing orthopedics. We obtained these data by accessing these patients'
medical records and performing anamnesis and orthopedic physical examinations.
Furthermore, we requested anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs to determine the
CAM-type impingement using the following measures: an alpha angle above 55° and pistol
grip deformity (index - head). PINCER-type impingement determination used the following
measurements: Tönnis angle lower than 0° and center lateral edge angle (Wiberg angle)
higher than 40°; both angles indicate acetabular over coverage.8
Data collection, filling out the modified PCMA protocol, radiographs, and orthopedic
physical examination occurred on an outpatient basis. We selected the following data:
dominance, position, body mass index (BMI), Tredelenburg sign, and pain symptoms on
coxofemoral joints. Then, we inserted the data in the online platform Google Forms
(Google Forms) to create tables.
Results
The sample consisted of 90 athletes aged 17 to 38 years old with an arithmetic average
age of 26. The age group with the highest proportion was 25 to 29 (34.4%), followed
by 20 to 24 (28.9%).
Regarding dominance, the statistically significant majority (*p < 0.0001) of athletes
were right-handed (61.1%). BMI calculation showed a statistically significant proportion
(*p < 0.0001) of athletes with adequate weight (73.3%).
The significant majority (*p = 0.0018) of the evaluated athletes play in the midfield
position (40.0%), followed by attackers (8.9%). The athletes played in a minimum of
six and a maximum of 60 matches, with an average of 26 matches within the last year,
as shown in [Figs. 1] and [2].
Fig. 1 Profile of the players from the sample, 2022. Source: Form completed during the athletes'
evaluation.
Fig. 2 Profile of the players from the sample, 2022. Source: Form completed during the athletes'
evaluation.
The Trendelenburg sign was positive in a statistically significant proportion (*p = 0.0002)
of players (70.0%). Among athletes with a positive result, the highest proportion
had it on both sides of the hip (58.8%), followed by those with a positive sign on
the left side only (33.3%), as shown in [Table 1].
Table 1
|
Variables
|
Athletes
|
%
|
|
Trendelenburg sign
|
|
|
|
Present*
|
63
|
70.0%
|
|
Absent
|
27
|
30.0%
|
|
Location
|
|
N = 63
|
|
Right side
|
5
|
7.9%
|
|
Left side
|
21
|
33.3%
|
|
Both sides
|
37
|
58.8%
|
Twenty-two players (24.4%) had pubalgia. The diagnosis was established on clinical
tests, considering the following positive signs: pain on groin palpation, in the adductor
musculature, or Grava test in any combination ([Fig. 3]).
Fig. 3 Patients diagnosed with pubalgia, 2022. Source: Form completed during the athletes'
evaluation. *p < 0.0001 at the chi-square adherence test.
FAI was statistically significantly present (*p < 0.0001) in the studied sample (85.6%).
The CAM-type impingement was the most frequent (62.2%), with a statistical significance
(*p < 0.0001) compared with the PINCER type (4.4%) and the mixed type (18.9%).
A significant proportion (*p < 0.0001) of FAI cases presented an impingement in the
alpha angle (80.0%). The Tönnis angle had the second highest proportion of impingement
(23.3%), and no player had an impingement on the Wiberg angle, as shown in [Fig. 4].
Fig. 4 Anteroposterior pelvic radiograph showing pincer-type impingement (Tönnis angle = -7°).
Source: Form completed during the athletes' evaluation.
Eleven athletes (12.2%) presented a pistol grip deformity, as shown in [Table 2] and [Fig. 5].
Fig. 5 Anteroposterior pelvic radiograph showing CAM-type impingement (pistol grip deformity,
alpha angle = 62°). Source: Form completed during the athletes' evaluation.
Table 2
|
Variables
|
Athletes
|
%
|
|
Femoroacetabular impingement
|
|
|
|
Present*
|
77
|
85.6%
|
|
Absent
|
13
|
14.4%
|
|
Femoroacetabular impingement type
|
|
|
|
CAM*
|
56
|
62.2%
|
|
Pincer
|
4
|
4.4%
|
|
Mixed
|
17
|
18.9%
|
|
Alpha angle
|
|
|
|
With impingement*
|
72
|
80.0%
|
|
Without impingement
|
18
|
20.0%
|
|
Tönnis angle
|
|
|
|
With impingement*
|
21
|
23.3%
|
|
Without impingement
|
69
|
76.7%
|
|
Pistol grip deformity
|
|
|
|
Present*
|
11
|
12.2%
|
|
Absent
|
79
|
87.8%
|
|
Wiberg angle
|
|
|
|
No impingement
|
90
|
100.0%
|
The comparison to verify the dependence between pubalgia and FAI showed no dependence
between variables (p = 0.3952). Twenty percent of athletes had pubalgia, while 65.6%
did not, as shown in [Fig. 6].
Fig. 6 Relationship between pubalgia and femoroacetabular impingement, 2022. Source: Form
completed during the athletes' evaluation.
Discussion
This study analyzed 90 athletes aged 17 to 38, with an arithmetic average of 26 years
old. The age group with the highest FAI proportion was 25 to 29 (34.4%), followed
by 20 to 24 (28.9%). Gerhardt et al.[9] observed similar findings in a study with professional football players, in which
most subjects were 20 to 29 years old, with an average of 25.4 years old.
Most players from our sample were right-handed (61.1%) and had adequate weight according
to their BMI (73.3%). Regarding the orthopedic physical examination, 70% of the players
presented a positive Trendelenburg sign (70%), mostly bilaterally. Such data exemplifies
the typical age range of Brazilian professional football players.
Our series diagnosed pubalgia in 22 players (24.4%). During the orthopedic physical
examination, the main signs were painful groin palpation, followed by pain in the
adductor muscles. Mercurio et al.[10] also found a similar prevalence of pubalgia in football athletes, with 24.3% affected
subjects, demonstrating a predominance in professional players.
This study observed the high FAI prevalence in this population (85.6%). Furthermore,
the CAM-type impingement was the most frequent (62.2%), with a statistically significant
difference compared with the PINCER (4.4%) and the mixed type (18.9%). Such features
are consistent with high-performance athletes. Economopoulos et al.[11] studied 56 athletes complaining of pubalgia and found an FAI prevalence rate of
86%, with a predominance of CAM-type injuries, corresponding to 83.7% of cases.
Gerhardt et al.[9] observed that 51 out of 75 male soccer players had radiographic evidence of FAI,
of which 68% (51/75) were CAM-type injuries, including 39 with bilateral injuries.
Twenty out of 75 athletes had PINCER-type lesions, with 80% of bilateral injuries.
These findings are consistent with our study, corroborating that professional football
athletes are at risk for developing bilateral femoroacetabular joint injuries, resulting
from characteristics inherent to the sport, the young age when started playing professionally,
and the cumulative injury effect related to matches with a high competitiveness level.[9]
Other authors addressing this topic were Falotico et al.,[12] who studied FAI prevalence in male football players in comparison with non-athlete
men. These authors observed an FAI rate of 92.5% in athletes and 28.1% in non-athletes,
corroborating the strong influence of sport on the emergence and maintenance of these
abnormalities. This high prevalence occurs because, in Brazil, people start playing
sports at a very early age; in addition, players do not always practice the sport
on suitable fields or with adequate equipment and supervision. The study also showed
a positive relationship between the length of a sports career and the alpha angle.[12]
Futhermore, Lee et al.[7] studied FAI changes in young athletes and demonstrated that of the 156 hips studied,
86 (55.1%) had CAM-type, 43 had pincer-type (27.6%), and 27 had mixed-type FAI, consistent
with our study showing the prevalence of CAM-type lesions in athletes.
Moreover, it is critical to highlight that CAM-type injuries are related to high-intensity
movements, especially those involving abnormal contact between the acetabulum and
the femoral head during hip flexion and internal rotation.[6] Such features corroborate this finding as the most prevalent in the elite athlete
population, as demonstrated in this study.
Regarding the radiographic evaluation of FAI-suggestive signs, athletes with a positive
alpha angle presented an angle greater than 55°. Our study detected a high prevalence
of positive alpha angle, corresponding to 80% of the studied athletes. The Tönnis
angle had the second highest proportion (23.3%), and no player had abnormal Wiberg
angles. Such data agree with the findings of Gerhardt et al.[9] demonstrating a positive alpha angle in most players.
One of the most significant data from this study is the lack of a dependent correlation
between pubalgia and FAI; only 20% of athletes complained of pubalgia, but this correlation
was not statistically significant in the sample. Elattar et al.[6] described the coexistence of FAI and pubalgia as common in athletes, at a 32% rate,
slightly higher than in our study.
Other authors, such as Strosberg et al.[13] and Munegato et al.,[14] reported the coexistence of FAI and pubalgia but did not perform clinical studies
to prove such an association. Bisciotti et al.,[15] in a study with 44 patients with pubalgia, demonstrated a strong association between
CAM-type injuries and inguinal conditions, disagreeing with our results. Therefore,
further research is required to expand the knowledge about pubalgia associated with
FAI in the athlete population.
Conclusion
We concluded that FAI is highly prevalent (85.6%) among professional football athletes,
with a predominance of CAM-type impingement (62.2%); in addition, there was no relationship
between FAI and pubalgia.
