Keywords early detection - glaucoma - microvasculature density - optical coherence tomography angiography - TOPCON Swept-Source OCT DRI Triton
Introduction
Glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, affects millions of people worldwide and its prevalence is anticipated to rise further by the year 2040. Open-angle glaucoma accounts for most of the cases and is marked by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, changes to the optic nerve, and visual field loss.[1 ]
[2 ] Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is thought to be the leading risk factor for glaucoma, though some patients experience progressive loss of visual field despite having low IOP levels, which challenges the traditional “mechanical” theory. A vascular theory proposes impaired ocular blood flow and ischemia contributes to optic nerve injury.[3 ]
[4 ] However, the precise link between microvascular changes and neural tissue loss in glaucoma remains unclear. Early detection and treatment are crucial to prevent vision loss as damage is irreversible.[5 ] Optical coherence tomography (OCT), a noninvasive imaging tool, is widely used for diagnosing and tracking glaucoma progression by examining the retinal nerve fiber layer and RGCs layer structure. However, OCT has limited sensitivity for early glaucoma and only moderately correlates with visual field loss.[6 ]
[7 ] New imaging is needed to study microvasculature changes that may precede structural damage in glaucoma and is required to document blood flow impairment's role.[3 ] Despite fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and laser Doppler flowmetry evaluating ocular blood flow changes, their efficacy is limited.[8 ]
[9 ]
[10 ]
[11 ] These technologies have not provided a comprehensive understanding due to the inability to observe microvasculature within specific layers and provide quantitative measurements of vessel density and blood flow.[3 ] Peripapillary vessel density refers to blood vessels surrounding the optic disc, these vessels supply nutrients and oxygen to RGCs damaged in glaucoma, changes in this vessel density may precede structural damage and visual field loss.[12 ] The macula contains a high concentration of RGCs and these cells rely on the regional capillaries to meet their high metabolic demands. Glaucoma primarily damages RGCs axons, making the macula ideal for early detection of the disease.[13 ] These findings highlight the importance of understanding peripapillary and macular vessel density in glaucoma pathogenesis and the potential of advanced imaging for early diagnosis and monitoring. Recent studies suggest OCT-A as a promising noninvasive imaging modality for early glaucoma detection.[14 ] OCT-A visualizes retinal blood flow creating high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) images of the microvasculature.[15 ] It detects changes in peripapillary vessel density, potentially preceding structural damage and visual field loss.[16 ] OCT-A can reveal vascular abnormalities in early glaucoma detection offers more reliable vessel density measurements than other imaging methods,[17 ]
[18 ]
[19 ] and may be more sensitive than conventional OCT.[20 ]
[21 ]
[22 ] This study aims to use OCT-A for the evaluation of the peripapillary and central macular vessel density, with a specific emphasis on its utility in early glaucoma detection and its capacity to elucidate the involvement of vascular irregularities in the pathogenesis of the disease.
Methods
This is an observational cross-sectional case–control study that was conducted from December 2022 to August 2023 at the Benghazi Eye Hospital. The study included a total of 126 patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with 160 eyes included in the study. The study also included 96 control subjects representing a total of 120 eyes. The selection of patients involved a combination of both eyes and single eyes, based on predetermined criteria.
Ethical Principles
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects before being enrolled in this study. The investigator explained to each patient the nature of the study, its purpose, the procedure involved, the expected duration, the potential risks, and any discomfort thatmay be caused by the study. Each patient was informed that participation is voluntary and that he or she may withdraw from the study at any time and without giving reasons. The withdrawal will not affect the subsequent medical or conservative treatment or relationship with the treating doctor. All procedures conformed to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee in the Benghazi Teaching Ophthalmology Hospital.
Inclusion Criteria
Inclusion criteria for glaucoma and the control groups included best-corrected visual acuity of 6/12 (0.5) or better on the Snellen chart, the refractive error between −3.00 and +3.00 diopters. Participants who did not have any media opacities that could affect the quality of OCT images were also included. To be considered as having glaucoma, patients must meet the following diagnostic criteria: display signs of typical glaucomatous optic disc damage like neuroretina rim thinning, optic disc cupping, and have abnormally thin retinal nerve fiber layer, exhibit visual field defects consistent with glaucoma that have been confirmed by at least two visual field tests, have open angles on gonioscopy, and have no history of other ocular or systemic diseases that could cause nonglaucomatous optic nerve damage. This study only included patients with mild stage POAG eyes, as determined by their visual field mean deviation scores (MD > − 6.0 dB) and according to the Hodapp rating scale Parrish-Anderson of the severity of defects in the visual field test.[23 ]
For the healthy subjects (control group), subjects included were those with IOP less than or equal to 21 mm Hg, with no glaucomatous optic nerve damage or visual field defects, and with no family history of glaucoma.
Exclusion Criteria
Patients with presence of any media opacities that prevented good quality OCT scans, or any retinal or neurological disease other than glaucoma, which may alter vision or visual field, eyes with a history of trauma or inflammation, and patients with ocular retinopathies and all forms of secondary open-angle glaucoma were also excluded.
A complete ophthalmic history and ophthalmological examination were done for each subject which comprised:
Best corrected visual acuity.
Anterior segment detailed slit lamp examination (Keeler 25z) and gonioscopy by the triple mirror lens.
IOP measurement by applanation tonometer (Keeler KAT-T type).
Posterior segment examination using +90 D Volk lens.
Macular and Peripapillary Vessel Density Analysis by the OCT-A
In this study, OCT-A imaging was performed using Swept-Source OCT DRI Triton (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) with the OCT angiography ratio analysis (OCTARA
) algorithm.
The peripapillary and central macular regions were imaged with an acquisition rate of 100,000 A-scans/second and the 3D (3.0 × 3.0 mm −320 × 320) scan was performed as Angio scan protocol.
A quantitative assessment of the retinal microvascular flow network was performed using the vessel density measurements obtained from the OCTA images and analyzed by the new software provided by OCT DRI Triton (IMAGEnet6 version 1.02.2).[24 ]
The vessel density thickness measurement zones in the optic disc were defined as peripapillary Vessels Density (VD) (1—superior, 2—inferior, 3—temporal, 4—nasal) and 5-inside disc VD. However, the macular vessel density thickness measurement zones are defined as parafoveal VD (6—superior, 7—inferior, 8—temporal, 9—nasal) and 10—central foveal avascular zone.
For all macular and optic disc OCT-A scans, the image quality was evaluated. Scans with a signal strength index below 40, a misaligned surface detection algorithm, or a measurement location that was not centered were excluded from the analysis due to poor quality.
Data Analysis
The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 for Windows software. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, numbers, and percentages. An independent t -test was performed to compare the means of vessel density measurements in the macula and optic disc regions in glaucoma and control groups. A p -value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The study included 126 patients with POAG (160 eyes) and 96 control subjects (120 eyes) ([Table 1 ]). The mean age of the glaucoma group was 67.6 ± 5.6 years, and the control group was 66.3 ± 1.4 years. The male/female ratio was 1.46:1 in the control group and 1.42:1 in the glaucoma group. The IOP was 14.2 ± 0.5 mm Hg in the control group and 16.4 ± 1.5 mm Hg in the glaucoma group with a high significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.001). The SAP MD was −0.45 ± 1.63 in the control group and −3.42 ± 1.45 in the glaucoma group, showing a highly significant difference between the two groups (p < 0.001; [Table 1 ]).
Table 1
Details of demographics and ocular characteristics of the study groups
Variables
Control
(120 eyes of 96 subjects)
Glaucoma
(160 eyes of 126 patients)
p -Value
Age
66.3 ± 1.4
67.6 ± 5.6
>0.05
Gender (male/female)
57/39
74/52
>0.05
BCVA
0.85 ± 0.17
0.57 ± 0.18
<0.001[a ]
IOP (mm Hg)
14.2 ± 0.5
16.4 ± 1.5
<0.001[a ]
SAP MD
−0.45 ± 1.63
−3.42 ± 1.45
<0.001[a ]
Abbreviations: BCVA, best corrected visual acuity; IOP, intraocular pressure; MD, mean deviation; SAP, standard automated perimetry.
a Statistically significant using independent t -test.
The microvasculature density values represent the mean percentage of pixels vessels measured with OCT-A ([Fig. 1 ]). This study showed a significantly lower microvasculature density in the optic nerve area in glaucoma eyes than in normal subject eyes ([Fig. 1 ]).
Fig. 1 A significant disparity in optical coherence tomography angiography vessel density percentage is apparent between the optic nerve area of the normal subject (subject A) and the glaucoma patient (subject B). Vascularization defects are noticeable as localized darker zones observed in all sectors, with the most pronounced defects observed in the inferior sector (red arrow).
In the optic nerve area ([Table 2 ]), all sectors showed a highly statistically significant lower microvasculature density in eyes with glaucoma compared with controls (inferior sector [28.5%], superior sector [25.2%], central sector [23.5%], nasal sector [9.9%], and the temporal sector [9.3%]; see [Table 2 ]).
Table 2
Details OCT-A vessel density (%) in the optic nerve area in glaucoma and normal subject groups
Vessel density (%) in the optic nerve area
Control
(120 eyes of 96 subjects)
Glaucoma
(160 eyes of 126 patients)
Reduction in microvasculature density (%)
p -Value
Inferior
51.2 ± 8.4
36.6 ± 12.4
28.5
< 0.001[a ]
Superior
56.3 ± 4.2
42.1 ± 5.7
25.2
< 0.001[a ]
Central
36.3 ± 11.8
27.8 ± 5.9
23.4
< 0.001[a ]
Nasal
47.8 ± 10.1
42.9 ± 3.1
10.3
< 0.001[a ]
Temporal
43.1 ± 14.9
39.1 ± 14.9
9.3
<0.02[a ]
Abbreviation: OCT-A, optical coherence tomography angiography.
a Statistically significant by independent Student's t -test.
This study also utilized OCT-A to assess vessel density in the central macular region of individuals with glaucoma and healthy controls ([Fig. 2 ]). The results indicated that the glaucoma group had lower vessel density in all macular regions.
Fig. 2 Different in the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) vessels density % in the central macular area in normal subject groups A, and glaucoma patient B. Darker zones can be observed across various OCT-A sectors in the glaucoma case, indicating localized abnormalities.
Significant reductions in vessel density were observed in all sectors except for the central sector among the glaucoma group compared with normal subjects ([Table 3 ]). The superior macula area demonstrated the highest reduction of 17.1%, (p < 0.001) in microvasculature density among glaucoma eyes relative to normal subjects. Similarly, substantial reductions were observed in temporal (15.7%), nasal (12.9%), and inferior (12.6%) sectors. The only exception was the central sector (0.49%), which was statistically not significant (
p > 0.05) .
Table 3
Details of OCT-A vessel density (%) in the central macular area in glaucoma and normal subject groups
Vessel density (%) in the central macular area
Control
(120 eyes of 96 subjects)
Glaucoma
(160 eyes of 126 patients)
Reduction in microvasculature density (%)
p -Value
Superior
47.3 ± 13.7
39.2 ± 4.8
17.1
< 0.001[a ]
Temporal
46.5 ± 8
39.2 ± 3.7
15.7
< 0.001[a ]
Nasal
42.7 ± 8.7
37.2 ± 6.1
12.9
< 0.05[a ]
Inferior
43.6 ± 10.5
38.1 ± 3.2
12.6
< 0.002[a ]
Central
20.2 ± 2.7
20.1 ± 1.3
4.9
>0.05
Abbreviation: OCT-A, optical coherence tomography angiography.
a Statistically significant by independent Student's t -test.
Discussion
Glaucoma is a multifactor disease that causes gradual loss of RGCs and retinal nerve layers, visual field damage, and structural changes in the optic nerve. A vascular theory has been proposed, suggesting that impaired regulation of ocular blood flow plays a pivotal role in glaucoma progression.
This study aimed to utilize OCT-A as a precise tool for quantitatively assessing peripapillary and central macular vessel density, with a particular emphasis on its potential utility in the early detection of glaucoma and its role in elucidating vascular irregularities contributing to the pathogenesis of this intricate disease. Notably, previous studies primarily utilized the TOPCON Swept-Source OCT DRI Triton for OCTA, with vessel density measurements typically exported and analyzed through customized algorithms or manual software applications.[25 ]
[26 ]
[27 ] In our study, we utilized the new built-in software within the device, which automatically and precisely calculates and measures the vascular density.
Our findings revealed significant reductions in microvasculature density in all sectors of the optic nerve area of glaucoma patients compared with controls. Our findings are consistent with previous studies examining retinal vessel density differences between glaucoma patients and healthy controls using OCT-A. Jia et al were the first to demonstrate a decrease in peripapillary vessel density in glaucoma.[28 ] Likewise, Lee et al reported significantly lower peripapillary vessel density in patients with POAG compared with controls, with more pronounced changes in the inferior quadrant.[22 ] Similarly, our results revealed significantly lower vessel density in both the superior and inferior quadrants, aligning with the findings of Yarmohammadi et al.[18 ]
Further studies have also observed decreased peripapillary vessel density among glaucoma patients versus controls. Kim et al and Dutta et al found lower vessel density in glaucoma patients.[29 ]
[30 ] Kamalipour et al noted that vessel density decreases more prominently in the peripapillary region in early glaucoma preceding structural damage and visual field loss.[31 ] Wang et al further established a correlation between peripapillary vessel density and glaucoma severity.[32 ] Additionally, Simsek et al found significantly lower vascular density measurements in primary glaucoma groups compared with controls across all vessel density parameters.[33 ]
However, not all studies have identified vessel density differences between glaucoma and healthy eyes. A few researchers found no significant differences in vessel density between patient populations.[17 ]
[34 ] These inconsistencies may stem from variability in study populations, OCTA devices employed, and analytical methodologies used to quantify vessel density between studies. Overall, the majority of evidence indicates retinal vessel density is lower in glaucoma compared with healthy eyes.
Our study also utilized OCT-A to assess vessel density in the central macular region and revealed significant reductions in the microvasculature density in the central macular area of glaucoma patients compared with controls. Similar findings of reductions in the microvasculature density among glaucoma patients compared with healthy controls were reported.[21 ]
[35 ]
Notably, no significant reduction in vessel density was observed in the central foveal region of glaucoma patients compared with controls ( 0.49%, p >0.05) . This finding is in line with the study conducted by Khallouli et al, as they did not observe any significant difference in foveal vascular density between the control and glaucoma groups, this could be attributed to the existence of the foveal avascular zone, which encompasses the majority of the surface area in that sector.[36 ]
Additionally, our study exhibited significant reductions in vessel density in all peripheral sectors of the macula. This finding is in line with the study reported by Lommatzsch et al and Lu et al[37 ]
[38 ] where they reported significantly lower macular vessel density in glaucomatous eyes with the greatest reduction observed in the peripheral area. On the other hand, Verticchio Vercellin et al[39 ] reported that the macular vessel densities were not significantly lower in the parafoveal superior and inferior quadrant, and perifoveal superior quadrant. Several factors could contribute to the differences observed between our study and the other studies mentioned. Methodological differences, including variations in OCT angiography devices, software algorithms, and image analysis techniques, may account for discrepancies in measured microvasculature density. Additionally, differences in sample characteristics, such as age, disease severity, and treatment status, can influence the outcomes. Glaucoma is a heterogeneous disease, and variations in the proportion of glaucoma subtypes within the study populations may contribute to discrepancies.
This study conducted by Gunasegaran et al,[40 ] revealed that the effectiveness of OCT-A macular vessel density as a diagnostic tool for glaucoma identification differs among different racial groups. Furthermore, the study found that this diagnostic method has limited utility in identifying glaucoma in individuals of African origin.
Overall, our findings provide further evidence of the vascular changes associated with glaucoma and highlight the importance of evaluating the peripapillary and central macular regions in assessing glaucoma-related vascular changes. The observed reductions in microvasculature density in the optic nerve and macula of glaucoma patients suggest that microvascular changes may be an early indicator of glaucoma-related damage. The lack of difference observed in the central macula in our study may indicate that this region is less affected in the early stages of glaucoma. However, further studies are needed to establish the clinical significance of these changes and to evaluate the potential of OCT-A as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for glaucoma.
Limitations of the Study
While our study provides valuable insights into the microvasculature density in glaucoma patients, it is important to acknowledge certain limitations. The study design was observational and conducted at a single center, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. The relatively small sample size, focus on mild POAG, and use of a specific OCT angiography device may also limit the statistical power and external validity of the results. Lastly, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits the ability to establish causality.
Conclusion
Our study demonstrated significant reductions in microvasculature density in glaucoma patients using OCT-A, supporting the association between glaucoma and vascular changes. The TOPCON Swept-Source OCT DRI Triton's new software shows promise for early glaucoma detection and monitoring. Further research is needed to confirm and expand upon the findings.
