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Thromb Haemost 2024; 124(12): 1143-1151
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786819
Stroke, Systemic or Venous Thromboembolism

Tea Consumption, Milk or Sweeteners Addition, Genetic Variation in Caffeine Metabolism, and Incident Venous Thromboembolism

Hao Xiang
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Mengyi Liu
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Chun Zhou
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Yu Huang
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Yuanyuan Zhang
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Panpan He
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Ziliang Ye
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Sisi Yang
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Yanjun Zhang
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Xiaoqin Gan
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
,
Xianhui Qin 
1   Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renal Failure Research, Guangzhou, China
› Author Affiliations Funding The study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program [2022YFC2009600, 2022YFC2009605], the National Natural Science Foundation of China [81973133], Outstanding Youths Development Scheme of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University [2017J009], and the National Key Research and Development Program [2018ZX09739].
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Abstract

Objective The association between tea consumption and venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains unknown. We aimed to evaluate the association between tea consumption with different additives (milk and/or sweeteners) and incident VTE, and the modifying effects of genetic variation in caffeine metabolism on the association.

Methods A total of 190,189 participants with complete dietary information and free of VTE at baseline in the UK Biobank were included. The primary outcome was incident VTE, including incident deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.

Results During a median follow-up of 12.1 years, 4,485 (2.4%) participants developed incident VTE. Compared with non-tea drinkers, tea drinkers who added neither milk nor sweeteners (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.85; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.76–0.94), only milk (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.80–0.93), and both milk and sweeteners to their tea (HR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81–0.99) had a lower risk of VTE, while those who added only sweeteners to their tea did not (HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.75–1.17). Moreover, there was an L-shaped relationship between tea consumption and incident VTE among tea drinkers who added neither milk nor sweeteners, only milk, and both milk and sweeteners to their tea, respectively. However, a nonsignificant association was found among tea drinkers who added only sweeteners to their tea. Genetic variation in caffeine metabolism did not significantly modify the association (p-interaction = 0.659).

Conclusion Drinking unsweetened tea, with or without added milk, was associated with a lower risk of VTE. However, there was no significant association between drinking tea with sweeteners and incident VTE.

Keywords

tea consumption - venous thromboembolism - milk - sweeteners - caffeine metabolism

Data Availability Statement

The UK Biobank data are available on application to the UK Biobank, and the analytic methods and study materials that support the findings of this study will be available from the corresponding authors on request.


Authors' Contribution

H.X. and X.Q. designed and conducted the research; H.X. and C.Z., Z.Y., and X.Q. performed the data management and statistical analyses; H.X., C.Z., and X.Q. wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed/edited the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 07 December 2023

Accepted: 11 April 2024

Article published online:
10 May 2024

© 2024. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
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