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DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-11075
Neurobiologische Grundlagen der Aufmerksamkeit: „Über die Freiheit der Wahl”
Neurobiological Fundamentals of Attentivity: (On the Freedom of Choice)Publication History
Publication Date:
31 December 2000 (online)
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Zusammenfassung
Einleitung: Die Aufmerksamkeit gilt als selektiver Aspekt der Wahrnehmung. Diese Selektion repräsentiert eine Auswahl, die meist - aber nicht immer - begrenzt wird von der Art der eintreffenden Information, der initialen Motivation und der angestrebten Ziele. Unter den verschiedenen möglichen Differenzierungen dieses Konzeptes hat die Unterscheidung von automatischen und kontrollierten Prozessen, die eng mit serieller und paralleler Verarbeitungen verbunden sind, eine besondere Bedeutung. Neurophysiologie: Die selektive Aufmerksamkeit für einen bestimmten Reiz beinhaltet, dass ein Teil der Information weitergeleitet wird zur Verarbeitung. Diese Weiterleitung erfordert ein synchronisiertes Feuern der relevanten neuronalen Bahnen, das durch ein EEG ermittelt werden kann. Bildet man die durch einen Stimulus ausgelösten EEG-Durchschnittswerte (Ereigniskorrelierte Potentiale), dann sind Erregungs- und Hemmungskomponenten zu erkennen, die sich den verschiedenen Prozessstadien vom Erkennen eines Signales über die Hemmung interferierender Prozesse bis zur Kategorisierung des Reizes zuordnen lassen. Bei der Abweichung von Stimuli werden negative Potentiale (Erregung) abgeleitet (automatische Prozesse) und die zugehörigen Verarbeitungsspuren (kontrollierte Prozesse) dargestellt. Gamma-, Beta- und Thetawellen im EEG reflektieren differenziert eine „binding of stimulus features” in nähere und entferntere Hirnbereiche. Neurotransmitterfunktion: Die chemische Kodierung in dem neuronalen System erfolgt mit den biogenen aminen Transmittern. Dies erlaubt eine Betrachtung der einzelnen Verarbeitungsschritte, die zur Einordnung der Reize erforderlich sind. Die Kontrolle der Reizstärke erfolgt mit Serotonin, Noradrenalin steuert die Einstellung und Dopamin ist zuständig für die Umschaltung der Aufmerksamkeit. Die Acetylcholin-Aktivität scheint bei salienten Reizeigenschaften eine automatische Verarbeitung zu fördern. Anatomie der Aufmerksamkeit: Funktionelle Kernspin-Resonanz-Bildgebungsverfahren von Hirnarealen, die bei Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen aktiviert werden, zeigen, dass es „Epizentren” von Aufmerksamkeits-Funktionen gibt, die variablen diffus verteilten Aktivitätsmustern übergeordnet sind. Die Frontalregionen üben eine exekutive Kontrolle aus, werden jedoch in Konfliktfällen der Informationsverarbeitung und bei Fehlermeldungen durch cinguläre Aktivitäten unterstützt. Teile der Parietallappen links und rechts registrieren zeitliche und räumliche Aspekte von Ereignissen, deren Relevanz durch Mustervergleiche im Temporallappen bestimmt werden. Die Auswahl der für eine adäquate Reaktion erforderlichen Informationen - selektive Aufmerksamkeit - erfordert daher ein Netzwerk koordinierter Reaktionen unterschiedlicher Hirnareale, die auf elementare Steuerungsmechanismen des Hirnstammes zur Klassifizierung von Informationen aufbaut.
Introduction: Attention is viewed as the selective aspect of perception. This selective process is represented as a choice, often but not always constrained by the initial possibilities, motivation and adaptive aims. Fundamental among numerous useful divisions of the concept, is the differentiation of automatic and controlled attention that largely incur serial and parallel processing of information. Neurophysiology: Selective attention to a stimulus implies that some information is passed on for further processing - this passage depends on the synchronous firing of the relevant neuronal pathways. The EEG sums these and a look at the average after an event shows excitatory and inhibitory components (event-related potentials, ERPs) that relate to the processing stages from registration, inhibiting interference from other processes and stimulus categorisation. Negativities (excitation) can be recorded for deviant detection (automatic) and attended traces (controlled processing). Gamma, beta and theta frequency bands in the EEG reflect differentially the binding of related features in nearer and further regions of function. Neurotransmitter Roles: The chemical coding of these neural systems with the biogenic amine transmitters allows for a division of labour in the mechanisms necessary for „sorting” information. These are described in terms of volume control (serotonin), tuning (noradrenaline) and switching (dopamine). The effect of acetylcholine seems to reflect a mechanism by which a stimulus by means of its salience captures automatic processing. An Anatomy of Attention: Functional magnetic imaging of brain regions activated during attentional processing show that there are „epicentres” of attentional function superimposed on variable diffusely distributed activity patterns. Frontal regions exert an executive role, facilitated by cingulate activitiy in conflict and error-control. Parietal loci on the left and right register temporal and spatial identification of events whose relevance can be assessed by comparator mechanisms in the temporal lobe. Choices of what is relevant - selective attention - for the adaptive organisation of response thus reflect a concerted effort within a network of heteromodal cortices based on the basic mechanisms for sorting information arising out of the brainstem.
Schlüsselwörter
Aufmerksamkeit - Ereignis-korrelierte Potentiale - Frontallappen - Parietallappen - Temporallapen
Key words
Attention - Event-related potentials - Monoamines - Frontal cortex - Parietal cortex - Temporal cortex
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1 MMN bei hyperaktiven Kindern zeigt eine mangelhafte Entwicklung an der rechten Seite [6].
Robert D. Oades
Virchowstr. 174
45147 Essen
Email: oades@uni-essen.de