Download PDF
Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2000; 4(2): 151-170
DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-13010
Copyright © 2000 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel.: +1(212) 584-4662

Shoulder and Humerus Trauma

Carlin A. Ridpath1 , Anthony J. Wilson2
  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Missouri Hospital and Clinics, Columbia, Missouri
  • 2Department of Radiology, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
31 December 2000 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

ABSTRACT

Three bones and two joints comprise the pectoral girdle. These are the clavicle, scapula, proximal humerus, acromioclavicular joint, and shoulder joint. The pectoral girdle binds the upper extremity to the torso. Thus, injury to any of the pectoral girdle's components can impact the function of the entire extremity. The spectrum of pectoral girdle injuries ranges from a simple acromioclavicular joint sprain to scapulothoracic dissociation. Whereas the former is a painful but self-limiting injury with minimal sequelae, the latter is life threatening. However, the severity of most pectoral girdle injuries lies between these two extremes. Fractures and dislocations are common in this region throughout life, and a clear understanding of the patterns of injury and their radiographic spectrum is essential for all radiologists who deal with trauma.

KEYWORD

Shoulder - humerus - pectoral girdle - clavicle - scapula

REFERENCES

  • 1 Booth C M, Roper B A. Chronic dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint: An operative repair.  Clin Orthop . 1979;  140 17-20
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Lucas D B. Biomechanics of the shoulder joint.  Arch Surg . 1973;  107 425-432
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Subluxations and dislocations about the glenohumeral joint. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 1075-1085
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Neer II C S, Rockwood Jr A C. Fractures and dislocations of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Green DP (eds), Fractures Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1975: 585-598
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Stewart M J. Fractures of the humeral shaft. In: Adams JP (ed), Current Practice in Orthopedic Surgery St. Louis, MO: Mosby 1964: 98-101
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Cockshott W P. The coracoclavicular joint.  Radiology . 1979;  132 313-316
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Neer II S C. Fractures of the distal third of the clavicle.  Clin Orthop . 1968;  58 43-50
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Sankarankutty M, Truner B W. Fractures of the clavicle.  Injury . 1975;  7 101
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Stanley D, Trowbridge E A, Norris S H. The mechanism of clavicular fracture. A clinical and biomechanical analysis.  J Bone Joint Surg [Br] . 1988;  70 461
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Madsen E T. Fractures of the extremities in the newborn.  Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand . 1955;  34 41-47
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Tanchev S, Kolishev K, Tanchev P. Etiology of a clavicular fracture due to the birth process.  Akus-Ginecol . 1985;  24 39-43
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Widner L A, Riddlewold H O. The value of the Lordotic view in diagnosis of fractured clavicle.  Rev Int Radiol . 1980;  5 69-70
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Fractures of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 949
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Neer II S C. Fractures of the distal third of the clavicle.  Clin Orthop . 1968;  58 58
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Barger W L, Marcus R E, Ittleman F P. Late thoracic outlet syndrome secondary to pseudarthrosis of the clavicle.  J Trauma . 1984;  24 847-859
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Connolly J F, Dehne R. Nonunion of the clavicle and thoracic outlet syndrome.  J Trauma . 1989;  29 1127-1132
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Dannohl C, Meeder P J, Weller S. Costoclavicular syndrome: A rare complication of clavicular fracture.  Aktuelle Taumatologie . 1988;  18 149-151
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Rowe C R. An atlas of anatomy and treatment of midclavicular fractures.  Clin Orthop . 1968;  58 29
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Pettrone F A, Nirschl R P. Acromioclavicular dislocations.  Am J Sports Med . 1978;  6 160
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Williams G R, Nguyen V D, Rockwood Jr A C. Classification and radiographic analysis of acromioclavicular dislocations.  Appl Radiol . 1989;  18 29-34
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Urist M R. Complete dislocations of the acromioclavicular joint.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1946;  28 813
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Petersson C J, Redlnd-Johnell I. Radiographic joint space in normal acromioclavicular joint.  Acta Orthop Scand . 1983;  54 431
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Williams G R, Nguyen V D, Rockwood Jr A C. Classification and radiographic analysis of acromioclavicular dislocations.  Appl Radiol . 1989;  18 37-38
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Keats T E, Pope T L. The acromioclavicular joint: Normal variation and the diagnosis of dislocation.  Skeletal Radiol . 1988;  17 159
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Rogers L F. The shoulder and humeral shaft. In: Radiology of Skeletal Trauma New York: Churchill Livingstone 1992: 663
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Fractures of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 954
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Jmatani R J. Fractures of the scapula: A review of 53 fractures.  J Trauma . 1975;  15 473
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 DePalma A F. Fractures and fracture-dislocations of the shoulder girdle. In: Surgery of the Shoulder, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1983: 362
    Google Scholar
  • 29 McGahan J P, Rab G T, Dublin A. Fractures of the scapula.  J Trauma . 1980;  20 880
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Fractures of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 967
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Fractures of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 972
    Google Scholar
  • 32 DePalma A F. Fractures and fracture-dislocations of the shoulder girdle. In: Surgery of the Shoulder, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1983: 367-369
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Poppen N K, Walker P S. Forces at the glenohumeral joint in abduction.  Clin Orthop . 1978;  135 165-170
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Cleland J. On the actions of muscles of passing over more than one joint.  J Anat Physiol . 1966;  1 85-95
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Bankart A SB. Recurrent or habitual dislocation of the shoulder joint.  Br Med J . 1923;  2 1132
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Subluxations and dislocations about the glenohumeral joint. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 1077-1078
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Subluxations and dislocations about the glenohumeral joint. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 1046
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Subluxations and dislocations about the glenohumeral joint. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 1054-1068
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Moeller J C. Compound posterior dislocation of the shoulder: Case report.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1975;  57A 1006-1007
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Arndt J H, Sears A D. Posterior dislocation of the shoulder.  AJR . 1965;  94 639-645
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Arndt J H, Sears A D. Posterior dislocation of the shoulder.  AJR . 1965;  94 649-654
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Neer C S. Displaced proximal humeral fractures. Part I. Classification and evaluation.  J Bone Joint Surg . 1970;  52A 1077-1089
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Lind T, Kroner T K, Jensen J. The epidemiology of fractures of the proximal humerus.  Arch Orthop Trauma Surg . 1989;  108 285-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Fractures of the shaft of the humerus. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 862-865
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Rockwood C A, Thomas S C, Matsen III A F. Fractures of the shaft of the humerus. In: Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW (eds), Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1991: 876
    Google Scholar
      >