Zusammenfassung.
Zielstellung: Die Auswirkungen der derzeit in der Prämedikation favorisierten anxiolytischen und
sympathikolytischen Pharmaka (Benodiazepine, alpha2-Adrenorezeptor-Agonisten) auf den perioperativen Verlauf sind für aktuelle Anästhesieverfahren
unzureichend geklärt. Deshalb wurden Clonidin und Midazolam in der Prämedikation zu
kieferchirurgischen Operationen unter TIVA eingesetzt und die Verläufe vergleichend
analysiert. Methodik: 30 Patienten der ASA-Klassen 1 - 2 wurden in einer prospektiven, randomisierten und
doppelblinden Studie untersucht. Die Patienten wurden 60 - 90 min. präoperativ mit
5 µg kg-1 Clonidin vs. 100 µg kg-1 Midazolam p. o. prämediziert. Die Anästhesien wurden als TIVA mit Propofol, Remifentanil
und Rocuronium nach standardisiertem Verfahren durchgeführt. Die Remifentanildosierung
erfolgte nach Narkoseeinleitung mittels pEEG (Ziel-SEF90 10 - 13 Hz). Die Prämedikationswirkung
und das Aufwachverhalten wurden mittels hierfür etablierter Standardtests und Rankingskalen,
die perioperative Streßantwort anhand der meßbaren Kreislaufreaktion (NIBP, HF, Holter-EKG)
beurteilt. Ergebnisse: Bezüglich der Prämedikationswirkung (Sedierungsgrad, Angstscore, Mundtrockenheit)
bestanden keine Unterschiede. Der über die Zeit gemittelte durchschnittliche Remifentanilverbrauch
war in der Clonidingruppe signifikant geringer (24 %). Die Aufwachzeiten (suffiziente
Spontanatmung, Extubation, Rückkehr der Orientierung) waren zwischen den Gruppen nicht
signifikant verschieden. Bezüglich des postoperativen Sedierungsgrades, des Auftretens
von PONV und des VAS-Niveaus ließen sich keine Unterschiede nachweisen. Die Patienten
der Midazolamgruppe zeigten signifikant häufiger postoperatives Shivering (9 vs. 2
Patienten). Intraoperativ waren die MAP-Werte zwischen den Gruppen vergleichbar, dagegen
die HF in der Clonidingruppe zu nahezu allen Meßzeitpunkten signifikant geringer.
Postoperativ unterschieden sich dagegen sowohl der MAP und die HF zu fast allen Meßzeitpunkten
voneinander (Clonidin < Midazolam). Die Patienten der Midazolamgruppe zeigten eine
signifikant verlängerte kumulative Tachycardiedauer (HF > 100 min-1, nachfolgend als Median sowie 25 %- und 75 %-Percentile dargestellt; Clonidin: 29/0/563
sec: Midzolam: 1058/232/3171 sec.). Schlußfolgerung: Bei unveränderten Aufwachzeiten profitieren die Patienten besonders in der postoperativen
Phase von einer Clonidinprämedikation (geringere Shiveringinzidenz, stabileres Kreislaufverhalten).
Premedication in Maxillo-Facial Surgery under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia. Effects
of Clonidine Compared to Midazolam on the Perioperative Course.
Objective: The effects of the currently favoured preanaesthetic drugs (benzediaepines, alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists) on the perioperative course are inadequately investigated
for new ways of performing anaesthesia with recently introduced drugs (e. g. remifentanil).
Therefore clonidine and midazolam were used for premedication in maxillo-facial surgery
under total intravenous anesthesia, and the perioperative courses were analyzed. Methods: Thirty patients (ASA 1 - 2) were included in the present doubleblinded, prospective
study. 60 - 90 minutes preoperatively these patients got an oral premedication with
5 µg kg-1 clonidine or 100 µg kg-1 midazolam. For anaesthesia a standardized procedure with propofol, remifentanil and
rocuronium was performed. After induction of anaesthesia the infusion of remifentanil
was regulated by using spectral edge frequency (target-SEF90, 10 - 13 Hz). The efficiency of the pemedication as well as the emergence and recovery
were assessed by using established standardized tests. The perioperative stress response
was assessed by recording the effects on haemodynamic parameters (NIBP. heart rate.
Holter-ECG). Results: Referring to the effects of premedication (sedation, anxiety) there were no
differences between the groups. The clonidine group required a lower remifentanil
rate in keeping a steady-target-SEF90 (-24 %). The time until emergence and recovery was not significantly different. Even
the occureance of PONV, VAS or the postoperative analgetic requirement did not differ
between the two groups. However, the incidence of postoperative shivering was significantly
higher in the midazolam group. Intraoperatively the values of MAP were quite equal
between the groups. However, heart rate was significantly lower in the clonidine group.
Postoperatively both MAP as well as heart rate were lower in the clonidine group.
Furthermore, in the midazolam group there was a significantly higher cumulative duration
of tachycardia (heart rate > 100 min-1; following descripted as medium with 25 % and 75 %-percentage; clonidine: 29/0/563
sec.: midazolam: 1058/232/3171 sec.). Conclusion: After remifentanil supplemented anesthesia there is, especially in the postoperative
period, a benefit in using clonidine compared to the premedication with midazolam.
Schlüsselwörter:
Clonidin - - Midazolam - - Prämedikation - - Remifentanil - - TIVA
Key words:
Clonidine - - Midazolam - - Premedication - - Remifentanil - - Total intravenous
anaesthesia
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Dr. med. Th. Frank
Abteilung für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie
Paracelsus-Klinik-Zwickau
Werdauer Str. 68
08008 Zwickau