Wahrnehmen zeitlicher Relationen, neuronale Synchronisation und die Schizophrenien

Zusammenfassung

Alltagsrelevante perzeptuelle oder motorische Leistungen des zentralen Nervensystems ebenso wie das subjektive Erleben der Gegenwart setzen die geordnete zeitliche Organisation von internalen und externalen Informationseinheiten voraus. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen neuronaler Oszillation und Synchronisation auf der Mikroebene und der Fähigkeit, auf der Makroebene Ereignisse zeitlich zu ordnen, aufeinander zu beziehen und darauf motorisch zu reagieren, wird angenommen. Auch bei schizophrenen Psychosen werden seit langem sowohl Störungen in der Zeitwahrnehmung als auch der sensomotorischen Koordinierung berichtet. Außerdem konnte bei der Untersuchung der Beurteilung der zeitlichen Ordnung im visuellen und akustischen Bereich eine signifikante Beeinträchtigung basaler Zeitwahrnehmungsfunktionen sowohl bei 28 chronischen als auch bei 7 unmedizierten an Schizophrenie Erkrankten nachgewiesen werden. Die vorliegenden Befunde weisen auf eine fundamentale Störung der zeitlichen Organisation im Gehirn von Patienten mit schizophrenen Psychosen hin. Im Kontext mit neurophysiologischen, neurochemischen, neuroanatomischen und neuropsychologischen Überschneidungen von Schizophrenie und gestörter Zeitwahrnehmung wird der gegenwärtige Stand der Diskussion hierzu in dieser Arbeit dargestellt.

Abstract

Basic perceptual or motor skills involving the central nervous system as well as the subjective present require the orderly temporal organization of internal and external information. Current research in schizophrenia increasingly centers on the accompanying neurocognitive deficits with frequent reports of altered temporal processes. There has been, however, less explicit research on the basic phenomenon of temporal order. Using concrete operationalized neuropsychological procedures the present study addressed the question whether chronic schizophrenic patients (28 medicated as well as 7 unmedicated) differ in their ability to correctly judge the temporal order of visual or acoustic stimuli when compared with a healthy control group (n = 26). Within this context we found a significant impairment in basal temporal perception among patients. Moderating variables such as medication, attention deficits or the effects of motivation as an essential explanatory factor for this finding could be excluded by statistical analysis. Instead, our findings point to a fundamental disturbance in the temporal coordination of neuronal network functions in association with schizophrenic psychoses. Within this context neurophysiological, neurochemical, neuroanatomical and neuropsychological overlapping of schizophrenia and temporal perception are being presented along with a discussion of the hypothesis that disturbances in neuronal synchronization and in timing processes at different levels are of essence and a possible underlying substrate in the schizophrenic spectrum.

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