Surgical Treatment for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin-tumor)T. Becker1
, F. Lehner1
, H. Bektas1
, A. Meyer1
, R. Lück1
, B. Nashan1
, J. Klempnauer1
1Klinik für Viszeral- und Transplantationschirurgie, Zentrum Chirurgie der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover
Die chirurgische Therapie der hilären Gallengangskarzinome ist schwierig. Die Schwierigkeit besteht in der nur unzureichenden Einschätzung der Tumorausdehnung. Die gilt sowohl für die präoperative Diagnostik, als auch für die intraoperative Exploration. Eine radikale Resektion der Leberhilustumore mit dem Ziel einer R0-Situation bietet die einzige Chance für ein Langzeitüberleben. Die Wahl des chirurgischen Vorgehens ist wegen der Komplexität der Tumorlokalisation zu den Nachbarstrukturen weniger standardisiert. Eine komplette Resektion des Tumors erfordert meist eine ausgedehnte Leberresektion. Aber auch mit einem limitierten Vorgehen wie der Hepatikusgabelresektion sind kurative Resektionen in Einzelfällen mit Langzeitüberleben möglich. Die Übertragung der onkologischen Prinzipien der Viszeralchirurgie mit En-bloc-Resektion und No-touch-Technik auf die hilären Gallengangskarzinome mit einer kombinierten Hepatektomie, Multiviszeralresektion und nachfolgender Lebertransplantation sind attraktive Konzepte mit kalkulierbarer Morbidität und Mortalität. Jedoch die hohe Gefahr eines Tumorrezidivs unter Dauerimmunsuppression, der Mangel an Spenderorganen und die sehr guten Ergebnisse der Lebertransplantation bei Nicht-Malignom-Indikationen rechtfertigen dieses Verfahren zurzeit nicht. Die durch Cholestase und Cholangitis vorgeschädigte Leber ist Ursache für septische Komplikationen. Eine adjuvante Radiochemotherapie ist im Wert nicht belegt. Bei Patienten mit irresektablem Tumor oder Fernmetastasen haben palliative Maßnahmen das Ziel der Wiederherstellung des Galleabflusses mit vorzugsweiser interventioneller endoskopischer Stenteinlage. Eine zusätzliche Radio- oder photodynamische Therapie kann in Einzelfällen erwogen werden und Vorteile im Sinne einer Palliation bieten.
Abstract:
Surgical treatment of hilar bile duct carcinoma remains difficult, which is due to the inadequate possibilities in assessing tumor extent during the preoperative diagnostic procedure as well as intraoperatively. Radical resection with negative histologic margins offers the best chance for long-term survival. The decision regarding the appropriate surgical approach is challenging due to the complexity of tumor localization and neighboring vascular structures. Aggressive resection demands extended liver resection, which is associated with the risk of postoperative liver failure. However, even limited surgery such as hilar resection can be curative and leads to long-term survival in individual cases. The principles of surgical oncology have led to more aggressive procedures, including the combination of liver transplantation and multivisceral resection, and can be performed with calculable morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, the high risk of tumor recurrence under long-term immunosuppression, the limited availability of donor organs and the excellent results of liver transplantation in non-malignant diseases do not justify this procedure at present. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy has failed to demonstrate major benefit. In patients with irresectable tumor or distant metastases palliative measures are aimed at restoring an unobstructed bile flow with endoscopic placement of metal stents. Palliative treatment with additional radio- or photodynamic therapy may be considered in individual cases.
1
Alessiani M, Tzakis A, Todo S, Demetris A J, Fung J J, Starzl T E.
Assessment of five-year experience with abdominal organ cluster transplantation.
J Am Coll Surg.
1995;
180
1-9
3
Baer H U, Stain S C, Dennison A R, Eggers B, Blumgart L H.
Improvements in survival by aggressive resections of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Ann Surg.
1993;
217
20-26
5
Berr F, Wiedmann M, Tannapfel A, Halm U, Kohlhaw K R, Schmidt F, Wittekind C, Hauss J, Mossner J.
Photodynamic therapy for advanced bile duct cancer: evidence for improved palliation and extended survival.
J Hepatology.
2000;
31
291-298
9
De Vreede I, Steers J L, Burch P A, Rosen C B, Gunderson L L, Haddock M G, Burgart L, Gores G J.
Prolonged disease-free survival after orthotopic liver transplantation plus adjuvant chemoirradiation for cholangiocarcinoma.
Liver Transpl.
2000;
6
309-316
10
Iwatsuki S, Todo S, Marsh J W, Madariaga J R, Lee R G, Dvorchik I, Fung J J, Starzl T E.
Treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumors) with hepatic resection or transplantation.
J Am Coll Surg.
1998;
187
358-364
11
Kaczynski J, Hansson G, Wallerstedt S.
Incidence of primary liver cancer and aetiological aspects: a study of a defined population from a low-endemicity area.
Br J Cancer.
1996;
73
128-132
12
Kang Y K, Kim W H, Jang J J.
Expression of G1-S modulators (p53, p16, p27, cyclin D1, Rb) and Smad4/Dpc4 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Hum Pathol.
2002;
33
877-883
13
Kawarada Y, Isaji S, Taoka H, Tabata M, Das B C, Yokoi H.
S4a + S5 with caudate lobe (S1) resection using the Taj Mahal liver parenchymal resection for carcinoma of the biliary tract.
J Gastrointest Surg.
1999;
3
369-373
14
Kitagawa Y, Nagino M, Kamiya J, Uesaka K, Sano T, Yamamoto H, Hayakawa N, Nimura Y.
Lymph node metastasis from hilar cholangiocarcinoma: audit of 110 patients who underwent regional and paraaortic node dissection.
Ann Surg..
2001;
233
385-392
15
Klatskin G.
Adenocarcinoma of the hepatic duct at its bifurcation within the porta hepatis. An Unsual tumor with distinctive clinical and pathological features.
Am J Med.
1965;
38
241-256
16
Klempnauer J, Ridder G J, von Wasielewski R, Werner M, Weimann A, Pichlmayr R J.
Resectional surgery of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors.
Clin Oncol.
1997;
15
947-954
17
Kosuge T, Yamamoto J, Shimada K, Yamasaki S, Makuuchi M.
Improved surgical results for hilar cholangiocarcinoma with procedures including major hepatic resection.
Ann Surg.
1999;
230
663-671
18
Launois B, Terblanche J, Lakehal M, Catheline J M, Bardaxoglou E, Landen S, Campion J P, Sutherland F, Meunier B.
Proximal bile duct cancer: high resectability rate and 5-year-survival.
Ann Surg.
1999;
230
266-275
19
Makuuchi M, Kosuge T, Lygidakis N J.
New possibilities for major liver surgery in patients with Klatskin tumors or primary hepatocellular carcinoma - an old problem revisited.
Hepatogastroenterology.
1991;
38
329-336
21
Nagino M, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Kanai M, Uesaka K, Hayakawa N, Yamamoto H, Kondo S, Nishio H.
Segmental liver resections for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
Hepatogastroenterology.
1998;
45
7-13
22
Nagino M, Kamiya J, Kanai M, Uesaka K, Sano T, Yamamoto H, Hayakawa N, Nimura Y.
Right trisegment portal vein embolization for biliary tract carcinoma: technique and clinical utility.
Surgery.
2000;
127
155-160
23
Nagino M, Kamiya J, Uesaka K, Sano T, Yamamoto H, Hayakawa N, Kanai M, Nimura Y.
Complications of hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
World J Surg.
2001;
25
1277-1283
24
Nashan B, Schlitt H J, Tusch G. et al .
Biliary malignacies in primary sclerosing cholangitis: Timing for liver transplantation.
Hepatology.
1996;
23
1105-1111
25
Neuhaus P, Blumhardt G.
Extended bile duct resection - a new oncological approach to the treatment of central bile duct carcinomas? Description of method and early results.
Langenbecks Arch Chir.
1994;
379
123-128
27
Nimura Y, Hayakawa N, Kamiya J, Kondo S, Shionoya S.
Hepatic segmentectomy with caudate lobe resection for bile duct carcinoma of the hepatic hilus.
World J Surg.
1990;
14
535-543
29
Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Kondo S, Nagino M, Uesaka K, Oda K, Sano T, Yamamoto H, Hayakawa N.
Aggressive preoperative management and extended surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: Nagoya experience.
J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg.
2000;
7
155-162
30
Ogura Y, Mizumoto R, Tabata M, Matsuda S, Kusuda T.
Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the hepatic duct confluence: analysis of 55 resected carcinomas.
World J Surg.
1993;
17
85-92
32
Pichlmayr R, Lehr L, Ziegler H.
Resection of juxtahilar bile duct carcinoma instead of palliative drainage of the biliary tract.
Langenbecks Arch Chir.
1983;
359
275-288
34
Pichlmayr R, Weimann A, Klempnauer J, Oldhafer K J, Maschek H, Tusch G, Ringe B.
Surgical treatment in proximal bile duct cancer. A single- center experience.
Ann Surg.
1996;
224
628-638
35
Starzl T E, Todo S, Tzakis A, Podesta L, Mieles L, Demetris A, Teperman L, Selby R, Stevenson W, Stieber A. et al .
Abdominal organ cluster transplantation for the treatment of upper abdominal malignancies.
Ann Surg.
1989;
210
374-385
36
Tannapfel A, Benicke M, Katalinic A, Uhlmann D, Kockerling F, Hauss J, Wittekind C.
Frequency of p16(INK4A) alterations and K-ras mutations in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma of the liver.
Gut.
2000;
47
721-727
37
Todoroki T, Kawamoto T, Koike N, Takahashi H, Yoshida S, Kashiwagi H, Takada Y, Otsuka M, Fukao K.
Radical resection of hilar bile duct carcinoma and predictors of survival.
Br J Surg.
2000;
87
306-313
38
Tsuzuki T, Ueda M, Kuramochi S, Iida S, Takahashi S, Iri H.
Carcinoma of the main hepatic duct junction: indications, operative morbidity and mortality, and long term survival.
Surgery.
1990;
108
495-501