Prophylaxe des Hirninfarkts

Literatur

• 1 Diener H C, Hacke W. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie. Stuttgart: Thieme 2003 (s. a. www.dgn.org)
• 2 Hacke W, Kaste M, Bogousslavsky J, Brainin M, Chamorro A, Lees K, Leys D, Kwiecinski H, Toni P, Langhorne P, Diener C, Hennerici M, Ferro J, Sivenius J, Gunnar N, Bath P, Olsen T S, Gugging M. European Stroke Initiative Executive Committee and the EUSI Writing Committee. European Stroke Initiative Recommendations for Stroke Management-update 2003.  Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;  16 311-337
• 3 Vutuc C, Haidinger G, Waldhoer T. Descriptive epidemiology of cerebrovascular disorders in Austria.  Med Wochenschr. 1997;  147 30-33
• 4 Gelder I C van, Hagens V E, Bosker H A, Kingma J H, Kamp O, Kingma T, Said S A, Darmanata J I, Timmermans A J, Tijssen J G, Crijns H J. Rate Control versus Electrical Cardioversion for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Study Group. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation.  N Engl J Med. 2002;  347 1834-1840
• 5 Hart R G. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation.  Curr Cardiol Rep. 2000;  2 51-55
• 6 Hart R G, Halperin J L. Atrial fibrillation and stroke: concepts and controversies.  Stroke. 2001;  32 803-808
• 7 Olsson S B. Executive Steering Committee on behalf of the SPORTIF III Investigators. Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomised controlled trial.  Lancet. 2003;  362 1691-1698
• 8 Salem D N, Levine H J, Pauker S G, Eckman M H, Daudelin D H. Antithrombotic therapy in valvular heart disease.  Chest. 1998;  114 590S-601S
• 9 Hardman S M, Cowie M R. Anticoagulation in heart disease.  BMJ. 1999;  318 238-244
• 10 Gilon D, Buonanno F S, Joffe M M, Leavitt M, Marshall J E, Kistler J P, Levine R A. Lack of evidence of an association between mitral-valve prolapse and stroke in young patients.  N Engl J Med. 1999;  341 8-13
• 11 ECST . Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST).  Lancet. 1998;  351 379-387
• 12 Hobson 2nd R W, Weiss D G, Fields W S, Goldstone J, Moore W S, Towne J B, Wright C B. Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group.  N Engl J Med. 1993;  328 221-227
• 13 The CASANOVA Study Group . Carotid surgery versus medical therapy in asymptomatic carotid stenosis.  Stroke. 1991;  22 1229-1235
• 14 Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study . Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis.  JAMA. 1995;  273 1421-1428
• 15 Baker W H, Howard V J, Howard G, Toole J F. for the ACAS investigators . Effect of contralateral occlusion on long-term efficacy of endarterectomy in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS).  Stroke. 2000;  31 2330-2334
• 16 Wolf P A. Hypertension.  In: Hachinski V (eds.). Stroke prevention. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press 2001: 93-106
• 17 Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, Hebert P, Fiebach N H, Eberlein K A, Godwin J, Qizilbash N, Taylor J O, Hennekens C H. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomized drug trials in their epidemiological context.  Lancet. 1990;  335 827-838
• 18 Hansson L, Lindholm L H, Ekbom T, Dahlöf B, Lanke J, Scherstén B, Wester P O, Hedner T. Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients: cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in old patients with hypertension-2 study.  Lancet. 1999;  354 1751-1756
• 19 The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group . Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. The antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT).  JAMA. 2002;  288 2981-2997
• 20 Lindholm L H, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, Devereux R B, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Julius S, Kjeldsen S E, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Nieminen M S, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H, Aurup P, Edelman J, Snapinn S. , The LIFE Study Group . Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol.  Lancet. 2002;  359 1004-1010
• 21 Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators . Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvasular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy.  Lancet. 2000;  355 253-259
• 22 Goldstein L B, Adams R, Becker K J, Furberg C D, Gorelick P B, Hademenos G, Hill M, Howard G, Howard V J, Jacobs B, Levine S R, Mosca L, Sacco R L, Sherman D G, Wolf P A, del Zoppo G J. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association.  Stroke. 2001;  32 280-299
• 23 White H D, Simes R J, Anderson N E, Hankey G J, Watson J DG, Hunt D, Colquhoun D M, Glasziou P, MacMahon S, Kirby A C, West M J, Tonkin A M. Pravastatin therapy and the risk of stroke.  N Engl J Med. 2000;  343 317-326
• 24 Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V, Blumenthal R, Davidson M, Hlatky M, Hsia J, Hulley S, Herd A, Khan S, Newby L K, Waters D, Vittinghoff E, Wenger N. and the HERS Research Group . Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II).  JAMA. 2002;  288 99-101
• 25 Hillborn M, Numminnen H, Juvela S. Recent heavy drinking of alcohol and embolic stroke.  Stroke. 1999;  30 2307-2312
• 26 Steering Committee of the Physicians Health Study Research Group . Final report on the aspirin component of the ongoing physicians health study.  N Engl J Med. 1989;  321 129-135
• 27 Iso H, Hennekens C H, Stampfer M J, Rexrode K M, Colditz G A, Speizer F E, Willett W C, Mannson J E. Prospective study of aspirin use and risk of stroke in women.  Stroke. 1999;  30 1764-1771
• 28 Hart R G, Halperin J L, McBride R, Benavente O, Man-Son-Hing M, Kronmal R A. Aspirin for the primary prevention of stroke and other major vascular events. Meta-analysis and hypotheses.  Arch Neurol. 2000;  57 326-332
• 29 Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project (PPP) . Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised trial in general practice.  Lancet. 2001;  357 89-95