Elektrophysiologie der Sprachproduktion

Zusammenfassung

Einleitung: Bei der Sprachproduktion müssen semantische, syntaktische und phonologische Information über das zu produzierende Wort abgerufen werden. Die genaue zeitliche Abfolge der einzelnen Stadien ist Gegenstand der in dieser Übersichtsarbeit zusammengestellten Studien. Methodik: Bei gesunden Probanden wurden ereigniskorrelierte Hirnpotenziale in einer impliziten Bildbenennungsaufgabe registriert. In jedem Einzelexperiment wurden zwei verschiedene Informationen (z. B. Semantik und Phonologie) gegeneinander getestet. Als Marker des Zeitpunktes, an dem ein bestimmter Informationstyp zur Verfügung steht, diente die N200-Komponente. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich folgende Abfolge bei der Bildbenennung: Semantik früher als Syntax und Phonologie, Syntax früher als Phonologie. In den zum Vergleich durchgeführten Untersuchungen zum auditorischen Wortverstehen ergab sich hingegen: Phonologie früher als Semantik, Semantik früher als Syntax. Diskussion: Ereigniskorrelierte Hirnpotenziale gestatten Aussagen über die zeitliche Verfügbarkeit von Informationen in Sprachproduktionsparadigmata. Diese Befunde können benutzt werden, um die Voraussagen von Sprachverarbeitungsmodellen zu testen.

Abstract

Purpose: Language (speech) production involves semantic, syntactic and phonological information that has be retrieved for the word to be produced. The studies reviewed in this paper concern the temporal order in which each information becomes available. Method: Event-related brain potentials were recorded in young healthy subjects in an implicit picture naming task. In every experiment two types of information (e. g. semantic information and phonology) were tested against each other. The N200 NoGo component served as a time marker for the availability of the studied type of information. Results: The following time course was found during picture naming: semantic information preceded syntax, while syntax preceded phonology. By contrast, two parallel experiments on auditory word comprehension showed the following pattern: phonology earlier than semantic information, whereas semantics preceded syntax. Discussion: Event-related brain potentials permit a temporally precise delineation of information availability in language/peech production tasks. These findings can be used to test predictions of language/speech processing models.

Event-related potentials - language/speech production - N200 - semantics - syntax - phonology

Literatur

• 1 Levelt W JM. Speaking. From Intention to Articulation. Cambridge; MIT Press 1989
• 2 Leuninger H. Reden ist Schweigen, Silber ist Gold. Gesammelte Versprecher. Zürich; Ammann 1993
• 3 Münte T F, Urbach T P, Düzel E, Kutas M. Event-related brain potentials in the study of human cognition and neuropsychology. In: Boller F, Grafman J, Rizzolatti G (eds) Handbook of Neuropsychology. Amsterdam; Elsevier 2000: 139-235
• 4 Kutas M, Federmeier K D, Coulson S, King J W, Münte T F. Language. In: Cacioppo JT, Tassinary LG (eds) Handbook of Psychophysiology (2^nd ed.). New York; Cambridge University Press 2000: 576-601
• 5 Levelt W JM, Schriefers H, Vorberg D, Meyer A S, Pechmann T, Havinga J. The time course of lexical access in speeh production: A study of picture naming.  Psychol Rev. 1991;  98 122-142
• 6 Turennout M Van, Hagoort P, Brown C M. Electrophysiological evidence on the time course of semantic and phonological processes in speech production.  J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1997;  23 787-806
• 7 Turennout M Van, Hagoort P, Brown C M. Brain activity during speaking: From syntax to phonology in 40 milliseconds.  Science. 1998;  280 572-574
• 8 Gemba H, Sasaki K. Potential related to no-go reaction of go/no-go hand movement task with color discrimination in human.  Neurosci Lett. 1989;  101 262-268
• 9 Kok A. Effects of degradation of visual stimuli on components of the event-related potential (ERP) in Go/noGo reaction tasks.  Biol Psychol. 1986;  23 21-38
• 10 Pfefferbaum A, Ford J, Weller B, Kopell B. ERPs to response production and inhibition.  Electroenceph Clin Neurophys. 1985;  60 423-434
• 11 Sasaki K, Gemba H, Nambu A, Matsuzaki R. No-go activity in the frontal association cortex of human subjects.  Neurosci Res. 1993;  18 249-252
• 12 Simson R, Vaughan G, Ritter W. The scalp topography of potentials in auditory and visual go/nogo tasks.  Electroenceph Clin Neurophys. 1977;  43 864-875
• 13 Sasaki K, Gemba H, Tsujimoto T. Suppression of visually initiated hand movement by stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey.  Brain Res. 1989;  495 100-107
• 14 Konishi S, Nakajima K, Uchida Y, Kikyo H, Kameyama M, Miyashita Y. Common inhibitory mechanism in human inferior prefrontal cortex revealed by event-related functional MRI.  Brain. 1999;  122 981-991
• 15 Garavan H, Ross T J, Stein E A. Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: an event-related functional MRI study.  Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1999;  96 8301-8306
• 16 Menon V, Adleman N E, White C D, Glover G H, Reiss A R. Error-related activation during a go/nogo response inhibition task.  Human Brain Mapping. 2001;  12 131-143
• 17 Thorpe S, Fize D, Marlot C. Speed of processing in the human visual system.  Nature. 1996;  381 520-522
• 18 Baayen R H, Piepenbrock R, Rijn H Van. The CELEX Lexical Database. Philadelphia; Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania 1993
• 19 Cutler A, Clifton C. Comprehending spoken language: a blueprint of the listener. In: Brown CM, Hagoort P (eds) The neurocognition of language. Oxford; Oxford University Press 2000: 132-166
• 20 Elman J L, McClelland J L. Speech perception as a cognitive process: the interactive activation model. In: Lass N (ed) Speech and Language, vol. 10. New York; Academic Press 1984: 337-374
• 21 Marslen-Wilson W, Tyler L K. The temporal structure of spoken language understanding.  Cognition. 1980;  8 1-71
• 22 Jansma B M, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Möller J, Münte T F. Electrophysiological studies of speech production. In: Pechmann T, Habel C (eds) Multidisciplinary approaches to language production. Berlin; Mouton De Gruyter 2004, in press
• 23 Falkenstein M J, Hoormann J, Hohnsbein J. ERP components in Go/noGo tasks and their relation to inhibition.  Acta Psychol. 1999;  101 267-291
• 24 Falkenstein M J, Koshlykova N A, Kiroj V N, Hoormann J, Hohnsbein J. Later ERP components in visual and auditory Go/noGo tasks.  Electroenceph Clin Neurophys. 1995;  96 36-43
• 25 Müller O, Hagoort P. Access to lexical information in comprehension - semantics before syntax. Nijmegen; Poster presented at the TUBS meeting 2001
• 26 Roelofs A. A spreading-activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking.  Cognition. 1992;  42 107-142
• 27 Rodriguez-Fornells A, Lugt A van der, Rotte M, Britti B, Heinze H J, Münte T F. Second language interferes with word production in fluent bilinguals: brain potential and functional imaging evidence. J Cogn Neurosci 2004 im Druck
• 28 Dell G S. A spreading-activation model of retrieval in sentence production.  Psychol Rev. 1986;  93 283-321
• 29 Dell G S, O'Seaghdha P G. Stages of lexical access in language production.  Cognition. 1992;  42 287-314
• 30 Levelt W JM, Roelofs A, Meyer A S. A theory of lexical access in speech production.  Behav Brain Sci. 1999;  22 1-75
• 31 Bierwisch M, Schreuder R. From lexical concepts to lexical items.  Cognition. 1992;  42 23-60
• 32 Indefrey P, Levelt W JM. The neural correlates of language production. In: Gazzaniga M (ed) The New Cognitive Neurosciences. Cambridge, MA; The MIT Press 2000: 845-865
• 33 Schmitt B M, Münte T F, Kutas M. Electrophysiological estimates of the time course of semantic and phonological encoding during implicit picture naming.  Psychophysiol. 2000;  37 473-484
• 34 Schmitt B M, Schiltz K, Zaake W, Kutas M, Münte T F. An electrophysiological analysis of the time course of conceptual and syntactic encoding during tacit picture naming.  J Cogn Neurosci. 2001;  13 510-522
• 35 Schmitt B M, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Kutas M, Münte T F. Electrophysiological estimates of semantic and syntactic information access during tacit picture naming and listening to words.  Neurosci Res. 2001;  41 293-298
• 36 Rodriguez-Fornells A, Schmitt B M, Kutas M, Münte T F. Electrophysiological estimates of the time course of semantic and phonological encoding during listening and naming.  Neuropsychologia. 2002;  40 778-787