Antiemetische Prophylaxe bei der Chemotherapie gastrointestinaler Tumoren

Zusammenfassung

Die wirksamen Systemtherapien in der gastrointestinalen Tumortherapie wurden deutlich vielseitiger. Infolgedessen wurden auch die Anforderungen an die supportive Therapie komplexer. Übelkeit und Erbrechen treten bei Patienten unter Chemotherapie weiterhin häufig auf, beeinträchtigen die Lebensqualität und gefährden die Ziele einer Chemotherapie. Die Möglichkeiten der antiemetischen Prophylaxe werden zum Teil nicht konsequent genutzt. Neben der notwendigen Beseitigung dieses Defizits sind neue antiemetisch wirksame Medikamente zu berücksichtigen. Ein ganz neues Wirkprinzip nutzt Aprepitant, das die Bindung von Substanz P am Neurokinin-1-Rezeptor antagonisiert. Bei oraler Verabreichung an den Tagen 1 - 3 einer Cisplatin-haltigen Chemotherapie erwies sich Aprepitant plus antiemetischer Standardprophylaxe mit Dexamethason und Ondansetron einer Prophylaxe ohne Aprepitant signifikant überlegen. Neueste Studienergebnisse deuten eine Überlegenheit auch bei Chemotherapie mit moderatem emetogenem Potenzial an. Palonosetron unterscheidet sich von bereits zugelassenen 5-HT₃-Rezeptor-Antagonisten durch eine stärkere Rezeptoraffinität, eine längere biologische Halbwertszeit und einen geringfügig stärkeren Schutz vor Übelkeit und Erbrechen nach moderat emetogener Chemotherapie. Mit der konsequenten Einhaltung standardisierter Richtlinien der antiemetischen Prophylaxe darf eine größere Patientenzufriedenheit und letztlich auch ein effektiverer Verbrauch ökonomischer Resourcen erwartet werden.

Abstract

Systemic treatment options in gastrointestinal malignancies have increased markedly. At the same time, the need for supportive measures has become more complex. Nausea and vomiting continue to impair the patients’ quality of life and to jeopardise the goals of chemotherapy. Antiemetic strategies as proposed by treatment guidelines should be employed consistently in daily clinical practice. Deficits in cancer care exist in this area. In addition, newly available antiemetic drugs should be considered. Aprepitant is the first approved representative of a new drug class. Aprepitant inhibits substance P binding to the neurokinin-1-receptor. Given orally on the first three days of a cisplatin-based chemotherapy in combination with a standard antiemetic regimen, aprepitant proved to be significantly more effective in the prevention of nausea and vomiting compared to the standard regimen without aprepitant. Recently presented results for chemotherapy with moderate emetogenic risks indicate that aprepitant shows superior effectiveness even in this setting. Palonosetron is a new drug in the class of 5-HT₃ (serotonin) receptor antagonists. Compared to older setrones, palonosetron exhibits a higher receptor binding activity, a longer half life, and a slightly improved activity in the prevention of nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy with moderate emetogenic risks. The implementation of standardised treatment guidelines into clinical practice will contribute to a higher patient satisfaction and a more effective utilisation of economic resources.

Chemotherapie - Nausea - Emesis - Prophylaxe - Aprepitant - Palonosetron - Dexamethason - Metoclopramid - Kosteneffektivität

Chemotherapy - nausea - vomiting - prophylaxis - aprepitant - palonosteron - dexamethasone - metoclopramide - cost effectiveness

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