To discover antimalarial substances from medicinal herbs, EtOAc-, n -BuOH- and H2 O-soluble fractions were prepared from the initial EtOH/H2 O (1 : 1) extracts. These were then screened in vitro against the chloroquine-resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum . This revealed that the n -BuOH-soluble fraction of the root of Wikstroemia indica (Linne) C. A. Meyer (Thymelaeaceae) had appreciable antimalarial inhibitory activity (Table [1
The n -BuOH extract was then subjected to activity-guided purification by column chromatography on silica gel, followed by medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), which gave three fractions (fr.1, fr.2 and fr.3). Compounds 1 and 2 were obtained from fr.1 and fr.2, respectively, in a pure form by repeated MPLC. Each purification step enhanced the antimalarial potency, with the IC50 values of 1 and 2 being determined as 0.54 μg/mL and 0.56 μg/mL (Table [1 1 and 2 showed almost similar activity with chloroquine, but they had one fifty-seventh activity compared with artemisinin.
Compound 1 was obtained as an amorphous powder with optical activity ([α]D
30 : + 199.7°), showed a molecular ion in the HR-FAB-MS at m/z = 557.1448 [M + H]+ , indicating a molecular formula of C31 H24 O10 . In the 1 H- and 13 C-NMR edited by 1 H-1 H COSY and HMQC experiments (Table [2 n -butyl group (C-2, C-3, C-2′′ and C-3′′), one methoxy group and two carbonyls (C-4 and C-4′′). These structural fragments were connected to form the given carbon framework of 1 by HMBC, NOESY and LSPD (Long Range Selective Proton Decoupling) spectra, and the structure was shown to be a dimer of flavanonol derivatives which were connected C-3 (δ
C
= 49.5) to C-3′′ (δ
C
= 50.8). From the 1 H-1 H COSY spectra, the stereochemistry at C-2 (δ
H
= 5.17, d, J = 9.0Hz)/C-3 (δ
H
= 3.33, dd, J = 9.0, 3.5Hz), C-3/C-3′′ (δ
H
= 3.23, dd, J = 3.5, 3.5Hz) and C-2′′ (δ
H
= 5.52, d, J = 3.5Hz)/ C-3′′ positions exhibited trans , cis and cis geometry, respectively. Further from the NOESY spectra, significant spatial conjugations between H-2/H-2′′′ (H-6′′′) were observed. The relative stereochemistry of compound 1 was confirmed as shown in Fig. [1
Since the compound 1 was previously reported as sikokianin B [1 2 to be sikokianin C [2 1 1 and 2 from the root of W. indica or of them having antimalarial activity. The root of W. indica has been used for the treatment of scrofula, rheumatalgia, carbuncle, traumatic injury, etc. in China [3
Compounds 1 and 2 were assayed against the drug-sensitive FCR3 P. falciparum strain, with the resulting IC50 values of 0.54 μg/mL and 0.34 μg/mL, respectively. The activity of 1 and 2 against both the K1 and FCR3 strains was similar suggesting no cross-resistance with chloroquine. Compounds 1 and 2 showed the selectivity indexes (cytotoxicity [IC50 for the MRC-5 cells]/antimalarial activity [IC50 for the K1 strain]) with the ratios of 41.7 and 20.0, respectively. The results discussed above contribute to a growing list of bioactive compounds obtained from natural sources and as such may provide lead compounds for synthesis of more effective antimalarials.
Fig. 1 Biflavonoids from the root of W. indica
Table 1 Inhibitory effects of fractions and compounds from W. indica for antimalarial activity against K1, FCR3 and cytotoxicity against MRC-5 cells
Fractions and Antimalarial 50 (μg/mL)
50 (μg/mL) Cytotoxicity 50 (μg/mL)
AcOEt soluble fraction 16.78 - > 50
BuOH soluble fraction 7.67 - 1.18
H2 O soluble fraction > 50 - > 50
Silica gel column chromatography
Fr.1 > 50 - 35.34
Fr.2 > 50 - > 50
Fr.3 3.07 . > 50
Sikokianin B (1 ) 0.54 0.54 22.54
Sikokianin C (2 ) 0.56 0.34 11.21
fr.3 2.81 - 19.82
Chloroquine 0.56 0.014 18.54
Materials and Methods
Optical rotations were measured with a JASCO polarimeter at 30 °C. 1 H- and 13 C-NMR spectra were determined on a Varian Unity 400 machine. Mass spectra (MS) were obtained on a JEOL MXA-AM505HA spectrometer.
Plant material : The root of Wikstroemia indica was purchased under the herbal name of ”Ryokao” in Japanese (Liao-ge-wang in Chinese) from Yamamoto Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd (Tokyo) in April, 2001, and the botanical origin of Ryokao was identified by Dr. Shinyu Nunome in Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences. The voucher specimen (KT-280) has been deposited at the Herbarium of the Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences of Kitasato University.
Extraction and isolation : The root of W. indica (100g) was extracted thrice with EtOH/H2 O (1 : 1, 1000 mL) for 1 h under reflux. The solution was concentrated to 400 mL and extracted twice successively with EtOAc (400 mL) and n -BuOH (400 mL). The EtOAc-, n -BuOH- and H2 O-soluble fractions were evaporated to dryness under vacuum to give each residue of the extract (1.2 g, 1.1 g, 3.3 g), respectively. In three extracts, the antimalarial active n -BuOH extract (1.0 g) was chromatographed over a silica gel column (100 g), and was separated by gradient elution with n -hexane-EtOAc which yielded after the first 1200 mL of 9 : 1, 0.14 g of Fr.1 (elution after 600 mL of 9 : 1 → 8 : 2), 0.45 g of Fr.2 (8 : 2 → 6 : 4, 900 mL) and 0.16 g of Fr.3 (6 : 4 → 7 : 3, 800 mL). The active fraction Fr.3 (0.15g) was subjected to MPLC on ODS octadecyl silica gel (3.5 × 30 cm) eluting by gradient elution with MeOH-H2 O (5 mL/min, linear gradient, 55 : 45 → 95 : 5, for 3 h) to yield three fractions (fr.1 : 540 - 620 mL, 23 mg, fr.2 : 650 - 710 mL, 21 mg and fr.3 : 730 - 860 mL, 90 mg). Compounds 1 (20 mg) and 2 (20 mg) were obtained from fr.1 and fr.2, respectively, by repeating the purification on MPLC.
Sikokianin B (1 ): Amorphous powder; [α]D
30 : + 199.7° (c 1.0, MeOH); 1 H-NMR (CD3 OD, 400 MHz) and 13 C-NMR (CD3 OD, 100 MHz): see Table [2 m/z = 557.1448 [M + H]+ ; calcd. for C31 H24 O10 : 556.1367.
Sikokianin C (2): Amorphous powder; [α]D
30 : + 3.1° (c 1.0, MeOH); 1 H-NMR (CD3 OD, 400M Hz): δ = 7.13 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz), 7.02 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz), 6.94 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz), 6.81 (2H, d, J = 9 Hz), 5.90 (1H, d, J = 2 Hz), 5.89 (1H, d, J = 2 Hz), 5.76 (1H, d, J = 2 Hz), 5.75 (1H, d, J = 2 Hz), 4.90 (1H, br d, J = 12 Hz), 4.85 (1H, br d, J = 12 Hz), 3.85 (1H, br d, J = 12 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.70 (1H, br d, J = 12 Hz); 13 C-NMR (CD3 OD, 100 MHz): δ = 196.8, 196.7, 168.5 × 2, 165.5 × 2, 164.4, 164.3, 162.1, 159.8, 130.8 × 4, 130.2, 129.0, 116.6 × 2, 115.2 × 2, 102.8, 102.7, 97.4 × 2, 96.1 × 2, 82.4 × 2, 55.9, 48.2 × 2; HR-FAB-MS: m/z = 557.1448 [M + H]+ ; calcd. for C31 H24 O10 : 556.1367.
Antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity : The assays were performed as described in the previous paper [4 Plasmodium falciparum. Chloroquine and artemisinin were used as positive controls. Cytotoxicity was assayed against human diploid embryonic cell line MRC-5.
Table 2
1 H- (400 MHz) and 13 C - (100 MHz) NMR spectral data for compound 1 (CD3 OD)
Position δ C
δ H
Position δ C
δ H
2 81.4 5.17 (d, J = 9.0 Hz) 2″ 82.9 5.52 (d, J = 3.5 Hz)
3 49.5 3.33 (dd, J = 9.0, 3.5 Hz) 3″ 50.8 3.23 (dd, J = 3.5, 3.5 Hz)
4 196.0 4″ 198.5
5 165.1 5″ 165.4
6 97.1 5.87 (d, J = 2.0 Hz) 6″ 97.1 5.76 (d, J = 2.0 Hz)
7 168.2 7″ 168.3
8 96.0 5.97 (d, J = 2.0 Hz) 8″ 96.4 5.85 (d, J = 2.0 Hz)
9 163.3 9″ 165.1
10 105.0 10″ 103.8
1 ′ 130.1 1′″ 128.6
2′ 128.5 7.02 (d, J = 9.0 Hz) 2′″ 130.2 7.16 (d, J = 9.0 Hz)
3′ 116.3 6.74 (d, J = 9.0 Hz) 3′″ 114.7 6.78 (d, J = 9.0 Hz)
4′ 161.3 4′″ 158.6
5′ 116.3 6.74 (d, J = 9.0 Hz) 5′″ 114.7 6.78 (d, J = 9.0 Hz)
6′ 128.5 7.02 (d, J = 9.0 Hz) 6′″ 130.2 7.16 (d, J = 9.0 Hz)
-OCH3
55.7 3.76 (s)
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. K. Hata, JPMW Coordination Center, for valuable discussion. The authors appreciate Ms. A. Nakagawa and Ms. C. Sakabe for mass measurement and Ms. N. Sato for NMR spectrometry. We also thank Ms. A. Shimokawa and M. Shiota for their technical assistance.
