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Synlett 2004(13): 2445-2446
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-832831
DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-832831
SPOTLIGHT
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Hydrazine Hydrate (NH2NH2·H2O)
Dedicated to Dr. R. C. Malhotra on the occasion of his 58th birthday.
Further Information
Publication History
Publication Date:
24 September 2004 (online)
Biographical Sketches
Introduction
The synthetic utilities of hydrazine hydrate have been extensively investigated in organic chemistry. Among reducing agents, hydrazine hydrate stands out for its application to a broad variety of reductive transformations. It is easy to use and reduces many functional groups, such as carbonyl compounds, alkenes, alkynes and nitro groups under mild reaction conditions. Hydrazine hydrate is commercially available. It is a liquid (mp -52 °C, bp 120-121 °C, d = 1.027 g/mL), and is soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, propanol and isobutanol.
Abstracts
(A) Hydrazine hydrate is used in the reduction of carbonyl compounds to their corresponding methylene group via the Wolf-Kishner reduction [1] and the Huang-Minlon modification. [2] | |
(B) Hydrazine hydrate is often used as the hydrogen donor for the transfer reduction of many organic compounds. It is used in combination with many different catalysts, including Raney Nickel, [3] platinum, [4] ruthenium, [5] palladium on carbon, iron(III) oxide, graphite, and iron(III) chloride with activated carbon. Recently, hydrazine hydrate was used with zinc [6] and magnesium [7] as a low-cost and selective reducing agent for nitro compounds to amines. | |
(C) A very useful reagent for simple hydrazone synthesis, hydrazine hydrate reacts with carbonyl groups. [8] [9] Hydrazones are useful synthetic intermediates and have been converted to vinyl iodides [10] and vinyl selenides. [11] | |
(D) Carbazates are obtained simply by reacting alkyl or aryl chloroformates with hydrazine hydrate, or with alkyl or aryl hydrazine derivatives. [12] | |
(E) The most widely used method to prepare hydrazides is hydrazinolysis of the corresponding esters with hydrazine monohydrate. [13] Recently, Toda et al. reported the use of hydroquinone and hydrazine as an alternative to hydrazine monohydrate in the solid state hydrazinolysis of esters. [14] Peng and Song reported the hydrazinolysis of esters under simultaneous microwave and ultrasound irradiation. [15] | |
(F) An extended application of hydrazine hydrate is in the preparation of o-nitrobenzenesulfonylhydrazide (NBSH). This reagent has been shown to be valuable in the synthesis of allenes from propargylic alcohols, [16] and for the reductive transposition of allylic alcohols. [17] |
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1a
Todd D. Org. React. 1948, 4: 378 -
1b
Szmant HH. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1968, 7: 120 -
1c
Reusch W. Reduction Dekker; New York: 1968. p.171-185 -
1d
Clark C. Hydrazine Mathieson Chemical Corp.; Baltimore: 1953. -
2a
Huang-Minlon . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68: 2487 -
2b
Huang-Minlon . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71: 3301 -
2c
Durham LJ.Mcleod DJ.Cason J. Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. IV 1963, 510 -
2d
Hunig S.Lucke E.Brenningesr W. Org. Synth. 1963, 43: 34 -
3a
Furst A.Berlo RC.Hooton S. Chem. Rev. 1965, 65: 51 -
3b
Ayynger NR.Lugade AC.Nikrad PV.Sharma VK. Synthesis 1981, 640 -
4a
Pietra S. Ann. Chim. (Rome) 1955, 45: 850 -
4b
Rondestvedt Jr. CS.Johnson TA. Chem. Eng. News 1977, 55 (27): 38 -
4c
Bavin PMG. Org. Synth. 1960, 40: 5 - 5
Weiser HB.Milligan WO.Cook EL. Inorg. Synth. 1946, 215 - 6
Gowda S.Gowda DC. Indian J. Chem., Sect. B 2003, 42: 180 - 7
Srinivasa GR.Abiraj K.Gowda DC. Indian J. Chem., Sect. B 2003, 42: 2885 - 8
Schonberg A.Fateen AEK.Sammour AEMA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79: 6020 - 9
Baltzly R.Mehta NB.Russell PB.Brooks RE.Grivsky EM.Steinberg AM. J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26: 3669 - 10
Barton DHR.Basiardes G.Fourrey J.-L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 24: 1605 - 11
Barton DHR.Basiardes G.Fourrey J.-L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25: 1287 -
12a
Dupont V.Lecoq A.Mangeot JP.Aubry A.Boussard G.Marraud M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115: 8898 -
12b
Allcock SJ.Gilchrist TL.Shuttleworth SJ.King FD. Tetrahedron 1991, 47: 10053 -
13a
Yale HL.Losee K.Martins J.Holsing M.Perry FM.Bernstein J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75: 1933 -
13b
Bruice TC.Benkovic SJ. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86: 418 - 14
Toda F.Hyoda S.Okada K.Hirotsu K. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1531 - 15
Peng Y.Song G. Green Chem. 2001, 3: 302 - 16
Myers AG.Zheng B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118: 4492 - 17
Myers AG.Zheng B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37: 4841
References
-
1a
Todd D. Org. React. 1948, 4: 378 -
1b
Szmant HH. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1968, 7: 120 -
1c
Reusch W. Reduction Dekker; New York: 1968. p.171-185 -
1d
Clark C. Hydrazine Mathieson Chemical Corp.; Baltimore: 1953. -
2a
Huang-Minlon . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68: 2487 -
2b
Huang-Minlon . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71: 3301 -
2c
Durham LJ.Mcleod DJ.Cason J. Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. IV 1963, 510 -
2d
Hunig S.Lucke E.Brenningesr W. Org. Synth. 1963, 43: 34 -
3a
Furst A.Berlo RC.Hooton S. Chem. Rev. 1965, 65: 51 -
3b
Ayynger NR.Lugade AC.Nikrad PV.Sharma VK. Synthesis 1981, 640 -
4a
Pietra S. Ann. Chim. (Rome) 1955, 45: 850 -
4b
Rondestvedt Jr. CS.Johnson TA. Chem. Eng. News 1977, 55 (27): 38 -
4c
Bavin PMG. Org. Synth. 1960, 40: 5 - 5
Weiser HB.Milligan WO.Cook EL. Inorg. Synth. 1946, 215 - 6
Gowda S.Gowda DC. Indian J. Chem., Sect. B 2003, 42: 180 - 7
Srinivasa GR.Abiraj K.Gowda DC. Indian J. Chem., Sect. B 2003, 42: 2885 - 8
Schonberg A.Fateen AEK.Sammour AEMA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79: 6020 - 9
Baltzly R.Mehta NB.Russell PB.Brooks RE.Grivsky EM.Steinberg AM. J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26: 3669 - 10
Barton DHR.Basiardes G.Fourrey J.-L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 24: 1605 - 11
Barton DHR.Basiardes G.Fourrey J.-L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1984, 25: 1287 -
12a
Dupont V.Lecoq A.Mangeot JP.Aubry A.Boussard G.Marraud M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115: 8898 -
12b
Allcock SJ.Gilchrist TL.Shuttleworth SJ.King FD. Tetrahedron 1991, 47: 10053 -
13a
Yale HL.Losee K.Martins J.Holsing M.Perry FM.Bernstein J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75: 1933 -
13b
Bruice TC.Benkovic SJ. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86: 418 - 14
Toda F.Hyoda S.Okada K.Hirotsu K. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1995, 1531 - 15
Peng Y.Song G. Green Chem. 2001, 3: 302 - 16
Myers AG.Zheng B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118: 4492 - 17
Myers AG.Zheng B. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37: 4841