Zusammenfassung
Epiduralanalgesien gehören zu den Standardmethoden der Schmerzlinderung unter der
Geburt. Während früher häufig motorische Blockaden mit der Notwendigkeit einer instrumentellen
Entbindung oder einer Sectio caesarea beobachtet wurden, sind diese Nachteile durch
moderne Konzepte mit dem Einsatz niedrig dosierter Lokalanästhetika in Kombination
mit Opioiden weitestgehend zurückgedrängt worden. So ist davon auszugehen, dass nur
noch 10 % aller Frauen eine geringfügige motorische Blockade erleiden, die sie am
Aufstehen mit einer Epiduralanalgesie hindern. Möglichkeiten zur Aufrechterhaltung
der Analgesie unter der Geburt beinhalten intermittierende Bolusgaben, Patienten-kontrollierte
Epiduralanalgesien (PCEA) und kontinuierliche Infusionen. Während der Lokalanästhetikabedarf
bei intermittierenden Bolusgaben und bei einer PCEA gleich ist, führen kontinuierliche
Infusionen zu einer Steigerung des Lokalanästhetikaverbrauchs und somit zu einer höheren
Beeinträchtigung der Muskelkraft. Sie bieten deshalb in der Geburtshilfe keine Vorteile.
Bei den Anästhesieverfahren zur Sectio caesarea ist seit langem die Spinalanästhesie
führend. Sie zeichnet sich durch einfache Handhabung, Kosteneffektivität und vor allem
durch eine schnell einsetzende Blockade aus, so dass sie auch in Fällen einer dringlichen
Sectio geeignet ist. Epiduralanästhesien werden in der Regel nur noch bei bereits
liegendem Epiduralkatheter durchgeführt. Indikationen für Allgemeinanästhesien sind
aufgrund der höheren mütterlichen Mortalität auf absolute Notfallsituationen sowie
Kontraindikationen gegen rückenmarksnahe Punktionen begrenzt.
Abstract
Epidural analgesia for labour has been associated with an increased rate of motor
blockade, and instrumental and Caesarean deliveries. In recent years, these risks
were significantly reduced with modern concepts of epidural analgesia, including the
use of lower doses of local anaesthetics in combination with opioids. With combinations
of 0.0625-0.125 % of bupivacaine plus sufentanil or fentanyl, the incidence of maternal
motor blockade approximates 10 % and most parturients are nowadays able to ambulate
during labour. Methods of epidural drug administration consist of intermittent boluses,
patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) or continuous infusions. While intermittent
top-ups and PCEA do not differ in the amount of local anaesthetics used, continuous
infusions have been associated with increases in drug consumption and motor blockade
in addition to a higher workload (e. g. frequent adjustments of infusion rates). They
therefore do not appear to confer significant benefits during labour analgesia. The
most common type of anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery is spinal anaesthesia due to
its simplicity, cost-effectiveness and speed of onset. It is suitable for cases of
an urgent or emergent Caesarean delivery. General anaesthesia still leads to a higher
maternal mortality and should be reserved for absolute emergencies and cases where
neuraxial blockade is contraindicated.
Schlüsselwörter
Epiduralanalgesie - Epiduralanästhesie - Spinalanästhesie - Entbindung - Sectio
Key words
labour - epidural analgesia - combined spinal-epidural - spinal anaesthesia - Caesarean
delivery
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Priv.-Doz. Dr. Wiebke Gogarten
Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin · Universitätsklinikum
Münster
Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 33
48149 Münster
Telefon: 02 51/8 34 72 55
Fax: 02 51/8 34 86 67
eMail: gogarten@anit.uni-muenster.de