Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-873120
Sprachverstehen im Kontext: Bildgebende Studien zu Kohärenz und Pragmatik
Understanding of Language in Context: Imaging Studies on Coherence and PragmaticsPublication History
Publication Date:
29 September 2005 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/ssg/200503/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-2005-873120-1.jpg)
Zusammenfassung
Kommunikation im Alltag erfordert immer Interpretationen, die neben der wörtlichen Bedeutung des gerade Gesagten oder Gehörten das Hintergrundwissen, die Zielsetzung oder die Kontextinformation berücksichtigen. Neben den Aphasien werden auch so genannte nicht-aphasische Kommunikationsstörungen beschrieben, die erst in einer komplexen Kommunikationssituation manifest werden. In der Neurowissenschaft werden pragmatische und kontextuelle Aspekte des Sprachverstehens oft mit rechts-hemisphärischen Funktionen oder mit Exekutivfunktionen in Verbindung gebracht. Bildgebende Studien bestätigen für alle Aspekte der Sprachverarbeitung im Kontext sowohl präfrontale als auch rechtsseitige Beteiligung. Insbesondere der anteriore Temporallappen und der fronto-mediane Kortex spielen eine spezifische Rolle für die inhaltliche Interpretation und Verknüpfung von aufeinanderfolgenden Äußerungen. Die klinische Diagnose der kommunikativen Kompetenz von hirngeschädigten Patienten sollte deshalb zusätzlich zu einer Aphasiediagnositk immer eine Bewertung von Textverständnis und Diskursproduktion beinhalten.
Abstract
Communicative compentence requires the interpretation of utterances in light of background knowledge, comprehension goal and context information. In addition to aphasic language disorders so-called non-aphasic communication deficits have been described. These deficits manifest themselves whenever non-literal meanings are relevant or when the global context or structure needs to be derived. In neuropsychological research the focus has been on the frontal lobes and the right hemisphere. Recent neuroimaging studies have accumulated evidence for both of these brain regions to be involved during most aspects of complex language comprehension. In particular the anterior temporal lobes and the fronto-medial cortex play a specific role for the integration and interpretation of verbal information. Clinical diagnosis of brain damaged patients should therefore include an assessment of contextual language processing in addition to the evaluation of aphasic language deficits.
Literatur
- 1 Brooks N, McKinlay W, Symington C. et al . Return to work within the first seven years of severe head injury. Brain Inj. 1987; 1 5-19
- 2 Kintsch W. Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press 1998
- 3 Glindemann R, von Cramon D Y. Kommunikationsstörungen bei Patienten mit Frontalhirnläsionen. Sprache, Stimme, Gehör. 1995; 19 1-7
-
4 Prigatano G P, Roueche J R, Fordyce D J. Nonaphasic language disturbances after brain injury. In: Prigatano GP, Fordyce DJ, Zeiner HK, Roueche JR, Pepping M, Wood BC (Hrsg)
Neuropsychological rehabilitation after brain injury . Baltimore, MD; John Hopkins University Press 1986: 18-28 - 5 American Speech-Language-Hearing A ssociation. The role of the speech-language pathologists in the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with cognitive-communicative impairments. ASHA 1988: 30-79
- 6 Graesser A C, Singer M, Trabasso T. Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychol Rev. 1994; 101 371-395
- 7 Singer M. Discourse inference processes. In: Gernsbacher MA (Hrsg): Handbook of psycholinguistics. San Diego, CA; Academic Press 1994: 479-515
- 8 Kintsch W, van Dijk T A. Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychol Rev. 1978; 85 363-394
- 9 van Dijk T A, Kintsch W. Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York; Academic Press 1983
-
10 Ferstl E C, Kintsch W. Learning from text: Structural knowledge assessment in the study of discourse comprehension. In: Oostendorp H, Goldman S (Hrsg)
The construction of mental models during reading . Mahwah, NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum 1999: 247-277 - 11 Rinck M. Situationsmodelle und das Verstehen von Erzähltexten: Befunde und Probleme. Psychologische Rundschau. 2000; 51 115-122
- 12 Zwaan R A, Magliano J P, Graesser A C. Dimensions of situation model construction in narrative comprehension. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cog. 1995; 21 386-397
-
13 Ferstl E C. Learning from Text. In: Smelser NJ, Baltes PB (Hrsg)
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Volume 3.13: Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science (Ed. Kintsch W) . Amsterdam; Elsevier 2001 - 14 Mey J L. Pragmatics: An introduction. Oxford, GB; Blackwell 2001
-
15 Brownell H H, Martino G. Deficits in inference and social cognition: The effects of right hemisphere brain damage on discourse. In: Beeman M, Chiarello C (Hrsg)
Right hemisphere language comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience . Mahwah, NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum 1998: 309-328 -
16 Ferstl EC (im D ruck). The functional neuroanatomy of text comprehension: What’s the story so far?. In: Schmalhofer F, Perfetti CA (Hrsg)
Higher Level Language Processes in the Brain: Inference and Comprehension Processes . Lawrence Erlbaum - 17 Springer S P, Deutsch G. Left brain, right brain. New York; Freeman 1997
- 18 Navon D. Resources: A theoretical soup stone?. Psychol Rev. 1984; 91 206-234
-
19 Beeman M. Coarse semantic coding and discourse comprehension. In: Beeman M, Chiarello C (Hrsg)
Right hemisphere language comprehension: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience . Mahwah, NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum 1998: 255-284 - 20 Kintsch W. The use of knowledge in discourse processing: A construction-integration model. Psychol Rev. 1988; 95 163-182
- 21 Lehmann M T, Tompkins C A. Inferencing in adults with right hemisphere brain damage: an analysis of conflicting results. Aphasiology. 2000; 14 (5/6) 485-499
- 22 Ferstl E C, Guthke T, von Cramon D Y. Change of perspective in discourse comprehension: Encoding and retrieval processes after brain injury. Brain Lang. 1999; 70 385-420
- 23 Novoa O P, Ardila A. Linguistic abilities in patients with pre-frontal damage. Brain Lang. 1987; 30 206-225
- 24 Ettlin T M, Beckson M, Gaggiotti M. et al . The frontal lobe score: part I: construction of a mental status of frontal systems. Clin Rehabil. 2000; 14 260-271
- 25 Damasio A. Descartes’ Error. London; Picador 1995
- 26 Luan Phan K, Wager T, Taylor S F. et al . Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. NeuroImage. 2002; 16 331-348
- 27 Ferstl E C, Guthke T, von Cramon D Y. Text comprehension after brain injury: Left prefrontal lesions affect inference processes. Neuropsychology. 2002; 16 292-308
- 28 McDonald S. Viewing the brain sideways? Frontal versus right hemisphere explanation of non-aphasic language disorders. Aphasiology. 1993; 7 535-549
- 29 Nicholas L E, Brookshire R H. Comprehension of spoken narrative discourse by adults with aphasia, right-hemisphere brain damage, or traumatic brain injury. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 1995; 4 69-81
- 30 Bookheimer S. Functional MRI of language: new approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002; 25 151-188
- 31 Gernsbacher M A, Kaschak M P. Neuroimaging studies of language production and comprehension. Annu Rev Psychol. 2003; 54 91-114
- 32 Mar R A. The neuropsychology of narrative: story comprehension, story production and their interrelation. Neuropsychologia. 2004; 42 1414-1434
- 33 Ferstl E C, von Cramon D Y. What does the fronto-medial cortex contribute to language processing: Coherence or Theory of Mind?. NeuroImage. 2002; 17 1599-1612
- 34 Ferstl E C, von Cramon D Y. The role of coherence and cohesion in text comprehension: an event-related fMRI study. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2001; 11 325-340
- 35 Fletcher P C, Happe F, Frith U. et al . Other minds in the brain: A functional imaging study of „theory of mind” in story comprehension. Cognition. 1995; 57 109-128
- 36 Mazoyer B M, Tzourio N, Frak V. et al . The cortical representation of speech. J Cogn Neurosci. 1993; 5 467-479
- 37 Xu J, Kemeny S, Park G. et al . Language in context: emergent features of word, sentence, and narrative comprehension. NeuroImage. 2005; 25 1002-1015
- 38 Maguire E A, Frith C D, Morris R GM. The functional neuroanatomy of comprehension and memory: The importance of prior knowledge. Brain. 1999; 122 1839-1850
- 39 Binder J R, Frost J A, Hammeke T A. et al . Human brain language areas identified by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci1997; 171 353-362
- 40 Scott S K, Leff A P, Wise R JS. Going beyond the information given: a neural system supporting semantic interpretation. NeuroImage. 2003; 19 870-876
- 41 Binder J R, Frost J A, Hammeke T A. et al . Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state: a functional MRI study. J Cogn Neurosci. 1999; 11 80-93
- 42 Siebörger F T, Ferstl E C, von Cramon D Y. Making sense of nonsense: An fMRI study of task induced coherence processes. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003; 9 506
- 43 Siebörger F T, Ferstl E C, von Cramon D Y. Is linguistic revision necessary for the appreciation of verbal humor? An fMRI study on the comprehension of jokes. Manuscript in preparation 2004
- 44 Schmalhofer F, Raabe M, Friese U. et al .Evidence from an fMRI experiment for the minimal encoding and subsequent substantiation of predictive inferences. Proceedings of the 26th Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society 2004
- 45 Robertson D A, Gernsbacher M A, Guidotti S J. et al . Functional neuroanatomy of the cognitive process of mapping during discourse comprehension. Psychol Sci. 2000; 11 255-260
- 46 Mason R A, Just M A. How the brain processes causal inferences in text: A theoretical account of generation and integration component processes utilizing both cerebral hemispheres. Psychol Sci. 2004; 15 1-7
- 47 Caplan R, Dapretto M. Making sense during conversation: an fMRI study. NeuroReport. 2002; 12 3625-3632
- 48 Bransford J D, Johnson M K. Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1972; 11 717-726
- 49 St. George M, Kutas M, Martinez A. et al . Semantic integration in reading: Engagement of the right hemisphere during discourse processing. Brain. 1999; 122 1317-1325
- 50 Dooling D J, Lachman R. Effects of comprehension on retention of prose. J Exp Psychol. 1971; 88 216-222
- 51 Ferstl E C, Rinck M, von Cramon D Y. Emotional and temporal aspects of situation model processing during text comprehension: An event-related fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2005; 17 724-739
- 52 Rinck M, Hähnel A, Becker G. Using temporal information to construct, update, and retrieve situation models of narratives. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cog. 2001; 27 67-80
- 53 Walsh V. A theory of magnitude: common cortical metrics of time, space and quantity. Trends Cogn Sci. 2003; 7 483-488
-
54 Zwaan R A. The immersed experiencer: Toward an embodied theory of language comprehension. In: Ross BH (Hrsg)
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation . Vol. 44 Amsterdam; Elsevier 2004: 35-62 - 55 Bottini G, Corcoran R, Sterzi R. et al . The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language: a positron emission tomography activation study. Brain. 1994; 117 1241-1253
- 56 Derrfuss J, Brass M, von Cramon D Y. Cognitive control in the posterior frontolateral cortex: Evidence from common activations in task coordination, interference control, and working memory. NeuroImage. 2004; 23 604-612
- 57 Rapp A M, Leube D T, Erb M. et al . Neural correlates of metaphor processing. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2004; 20 395-402
- 58 Glucksberg S. The psycholingustics of metaphor. Trends Cogn Sci. 2003; 7 92-96
- 59 Nichelli P, Grafman J, Pietrini P. et al . Where the brain appreciates the moral of a story. NeuroReport. 1995; 6 2309-2313
- 60 Heekeren H R, Wartenburger I, Schmidt H. et al . An fMRI study of simple ethical decision-making. NeuroReport. 2003; 14 1215-1219
- 61 Goel V, Dolan R J. The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components. Nature Neuroscience. 2001; 4 (3) 237-261
- 62 Bavelier D, Corina D, Jezzard P. et al . Sentence reading - a functional MRI study at 4 Tesla. J Cogn Neurosci. 1997; 9 664-686
- 63 Zysset S, Huber O, Ferstl E C. et al . The anterior dmPFC and evaluative judgment: An fMRI study. NeuroImage. 2002; 15 983-991
- 64 Crinion J T, Lambon-Ralph A, Warburton E A. et al . Temporal lobe regions engaged during normal speech comprehension. Brain. 2003; 126 1193-1201
- 65 Gruber O. Effects of domain-specific interference on brain activation associated with verbal working memory task performance. Cereb Cortex. 2001; 11 1047-1055
- 66 Martin A, Chao L L. Semantic memory and the brain: structure and processes. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001; 11 194-201
- 67 Maratos E J, Dolan R J, Morris J S. et al . Neural activity associated with episodic memory for emotional context. Neuropsychologia. 2001; 29 910-920
- 68 Perani D, Dehaene S, Grassi F. et al . Brain processing of native and foreign languages. Neuroreport. 1996; 7 2439-2444
- 69 Humphries C, Willard K, Buchsbaum B. et al . Role of anterior temporal cortex in auditory sentence comprehension: an fMRI study. Neuroreport. 2001; 12 1749-1752
- 70 Goel V, Dolan R J. Reciprocal neural response wihtin lateral and ventral medial prefrontal cortex during hot and cold reasoning. NeuroImage. 2004; 20 2314-2321
- 71 Frith U, Frith C D. Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003; 358 459-473
- 72 Adams R D, Victor M. Principles of Neurology. New York, NY; McGraw-Hill 1993
Dr. Evelyn C. Ferstl
Max-Planck-Institut für Kognitions- und Neurowissenschaften
Stephanstr. 1 A
04103 Leipzig
Email: ferstl@cbs.mpg.de