Zusammenfassung
Soziales Lernen ist Lernen im und durch den sozialen Kontext: Während zunächst Kontingenzen
zwischen äußeren Reizen und sichtbaren Verhaltensänderungen im Vordergrund standen,
rückten schließlich kognitive Faktoren in den Blickpunkt des Interesses. Bandura wies
im Rahmen von Untersuchungen zu seiner Theorie die große Bedeutung dieses dritten
Lernmechanismus nach: Das Lernen anhand sozialer Modelle, auch als Imitations- oder
Modelllernen bezeichnet. Rotter thematisierte in seiner Theorie die Bedeutung der
Erwartung und des individuellen Wertes von Verstärkern. Seligman erstellte ein Modell
des Lernens („gelernte Hilflosigkeit”), das die subjektive Kontrolle über die Verstärkung
als zentrales Element von Lernen betont.
Abstract
The world and a person’s behaviour cause each other. Bandura suggested that environment
causes behaviour, but also behaviour causes environment as well. He labelled this
concept reciprocal determinism. Later, he started to look at personality as an interaction
among three factors: the environment, behaviour, and the person’s psychological processes.
These psychological processes consist of our ability to entertain images in our minds,
and language.
Prior to the advent of Social Learning Theories, the dominant perspective in clinical
psychology focused on people’s deep-seated instinctual motives as determining behaviour.
Learning approaches were dominated by drive theory, which held that people are motivated
by physiologically-based impulses that press the individual to satisfy them. The main
idea in Julian Rotter’s Social Learning Theory is that personality represents an interaction
of the individual with his or her environment. To understand behaviour, one must consider
both the individual together with his or her life history of learning and experiences
and the environment. Rotter describes personality as a relatively stable set of potentials
for responding to situations in a particular way.
Seligman developed the idea of „learned helplessness”, a description of the effect
of inescapable punishment. This model is suitable to explain human depression, causing
the individual to rely fully on others for help
Schlüsselwörter
Modelllernen - Erwartung - sozialer Kontext
Key words
reciprocal determinism - learning - learned helplessness - Social Learning Theory
