Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-980026
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Critical Illness Polyneuropathy und Critical Illness Myopathy. Pathogenese und Diagnostik
Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Pathogenesis and DiagnosticPublication History
Publication Date:
24 April 2007 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Die 'critical illness polyneuropathy' (CIP) und die Žcritical illness myopathyŽ sind seit der Erstbeschreibung von Bolton et al. zunehmend beachtete Komplikationen bei Intensivpatienten. CIP und CIM, alleine oder in Kombination, treten gewöhnlich bei Patienten auf, die länger als eine Woche auf einer Intensivtherapiestation behandelt werden. Typischerweise zeigen diese Patienten eine muskuläre Schwäche der Gliedmaßen sowie eine erschwerte Entwöhnung vom Beatmungsgerät. Neurologische und elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen sowie Muskelbiopsien bei Verdacht auf eine Myopathy können bei der Identifikation und Charakterisierung von Polyneuropathien und Myopathien helfen.
Summary
Since the first description of Bolton et al., critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and critical illness myopathy (CIM) are increasingly observed as a complication in intensive care patients. CIP and CIM commonly occur in patients with an ICU length of stay exceeding one week. Typically, these patients show weakness of the limbs and difficulties in weaning from the respirator. Neurological and electrophysiological examinations as well as muscle biopsies if myopathy is of concern may help to characterize and identify polyneuropathy and myopathy.
Schlüsselwörter
Critical Illness Polyneuropathie - Critical Illness Myopathie - Weaning - muskuläre Schwäche
Key words
critical illness polyneuropathy - critical illness myopathy - weaning failure - muscle weakness
Kernaussagen
-
CIP und CIM stellen eine schwere und prognostisch relevante Komplikation bei Intensivpatienten dar. Als wichtige Anzeichen gelten erschwerte Entwöhnung vom Beatmungsgerät sowie eine schlaffe Parese der unteren Extremität. Oft sind die tiefen Sehnenreflexe abgeschwächt oder fehlen ganz.
-
Die exakte Pathogenese der CIP bleibt unklar. Vermutet wird ein enger Zusammenhang mit systemischen Auswirkungen von SIRS und Sepsis, sodass aufgrund einer zellulären und humoralen Antwortreaktion auf die systemische inflammatorische Reaktion im gesamten Organsimus eine Störung der Mikrozirkulation (Verminderung der Nährstoffutilisation) hervorgerufen wird.
-
Ungeachtet vieler histopathologischer Charakteristika kann die CIM in die 3 Haupttypen „Muskelatrophie”, „degenerativ-nekrotische Veränderung” und „selektiver Verlust des dicken Filaments Myosin” unterteilt werden. Diese Typen treten oft gemeinsam auf.
-
SIRS, Sepsis und septischer Schock spielen in der Entwicklung der CIM eine wesentliche Rolle. Diese Verbindung führte zur Hyopthese, dass mikrozirkulatorische Störungen und Entzündungsreaktionen in den Untergang der Motorneuronenintegrität involviert sein müssen.
-
In den letzten Jahren wurden weitere Faktoren wie die Langzeitapplikation von Glukokortikoiden und Muskelrelaxanzien sowie eine hyperglykämische Stoffwechsellage in der Genese der CIM identifiziert.
-
Auch mitochondrale Dysfunktionen unterschiedlicher Ursache stehen im Verdacht, die Muskelerholung und -regeneration nachhaltig zu beeinträchtigen.
-
Die tatsächliche Inzidenz und Mortalität von CIP und CIM sind bis heute nicht bekannt. Unterschiedlichste Patientenkollektive, uneinheitliche Diagnosekriterien bzw. Deklination einerseits, aber auch Untersuchungszeitpunkt und Expertise des Untersuchers andererseits beeinflussen die Diagnose entscheidend.
-
Nervenleitgeschwindigkeit und Nadel-Elektromyographie sind wertvolle und sensitive Diagnoseinstrumente. Veränderungen des Aktionspotenzials können in der Frühphase jedoch oft normal, im Verlauf auch rückläufig sein.
-
Histologisch aufgearbeitete Muskel- und Nervenbiopsien lassen eine erhebliche Diskrepanz zwischen den elektrophysiologischen Befunden und der Histologie erkennen. Dies kann unter anderem auf Zeitpunkt und Lokalisation der Biopsie zurückgeführt werden. Die häufigste Veränderung in histologischen Muskelschnitten ist die Atrophie von Typ-II-Fasern, was einen Beleg für den Innervationsverlust darstellt.
-
Viele Autoren sehen in der aggressiven Therapie von SIRS und Sepsis („Early-goal directed Therapy”) den wichtigsten Bestandteil in der CIP- und CIM-Therapie. Eine intensivierte Insulintherapie mit Blutglukosewerten zwischen 80-110mg/dl konnte die Inzidenz um 44 % reduzieren. Eine weitere Therapieoption in der Behandlung der CIP könnte die intravenöse Gabe von Immunglobulinen darstellen.
Literatur
- 1 Al-Jaberi M, Katirij B. The value of EMG in rhabdomyolysis. Muscle Nerve. 1995; 18 1043
- 2 Amaya-Villar R, Garnacho-Montero J, Garcia-Garmendia J, Madrazo-Osuna J, Garnacho-Montero M, Luque R, Ortiz-Leyba C. Steroid-induced myopathy in patients intubated due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intensive Care Med. 2005; 31 157-61
- 3 Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, Bollaert P, Francois B, Korach J, Capellier G, Cohen Y, Azoulay E, Troché G, Chaumet-Riffaut P, Bellissant E. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002; 21 862-71
- 4 Behbehani N, Al-Mane F, DŽYachkova Y, Pare P, FitzGerald J. Myopathy following mechanical ventilation for acute severe asthma: the role of muscle relaxants and corticoids. Chest. 1999; 115 1627-31
- 5 Bercker S, Weber-Carstens S, Deja M. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33 711-15
- 6 Beregi E, Regius O, Huttl T, Gobl Z. Age related changes in skeletal muscle. Gerontol. 1988; 21 83-86
- 7 Berek K, Margreiter J, Willeit J. Polyneuropathies in critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation. Intensive Care Med. 1996; 22 849-55
- 8 Beutler B, Rietschel E. Innate immune sensing and its roots: the story of endotoxin. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003; 3 169-76
- 9 Bischoff A, Meier C, Roth F. Gentamycin neurotoxicity (polyneuropathy-encephalopathy). Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1977; 107 3-8
- 10 Bolton C. Electrophysiologic studies of critically ill patients. Muscle Nerve. 1987; 10 129-35
- 11 Bolton C. Neuromuscular complications of sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 1993; 19 S58-S63
- 12 Bolton C. Sepsis and the systemic inflammantory response syndrome: neuromuscular manifestations. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24 1408-16
- 13 Bolton C. Neuromuscular manifestations of critical illness. Muscle Nerve. 2005; 32 140-63
- 14 Bolton C, Brown J, Sibbald W. The electrophysiological investigation of respiratory paralysis in critical ill patients. Neurology. 1983; 33 186
- 15 Bolton C, Gilbert J, Hahn H, Sibbald W. Polyneuropathy in critical ill patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984; 47 1223-31
- 16 Bolton C, Laverty D, Brown J, Witt N, Hahn A, Sibbald W. Critically ill polyneuropathy: electrophysiological studies and differentation from Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat. 1986; 49 563-73
- 17 Bolton C, Young G. The neurological consultation and neurological syndromes in the intensive care unit. Neurology: Baillieres Clin Neurol. 1996; 5 447-75
- 18 Booth F, Chakravarthy M, Spangenburg E. Exercise and gene expression: physiological regulation of the human genome through physical activity. J Physiol. 2002; 543 399-411
- 19 Brandl K, Gluck T, Hartmann P, Salzberger B, Falk W. A designed TLR4/MD2-complex to capture LPS. J Endotoxin Res. 2005; 11 197-206
- 20 Bright R. Reports of Medical Cases Selected With a View of Illustrating the Symptoms and Cure of Disease by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy. London: Longman Ries. 1827; 1-88
- 21 Chinnery P, Turnball D. Mitochondrial DNA and disease. Lancet. 1999; 354 17-21
- 22 Clowes G, George B, Villee C. Muscle proteolysis induced by a circulating peptide in patients with sepsis or trauma. N Eng J Med. 1983; 308 545-52
- 23 Coakley J, Nagendran K, Honavar M, Hinds C. Preliminary observations on the neuromuscular abnormalities in patients with organ failure and sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 1993; 19 323-28
- 24 Coakley J, Nagendran K, Yarwood G. Patterns of neurophysiological abnormality in prolonged critical illness. Intensive Care Med. 1998; 24 801-07
- 25 Jonghe B De, Cook D, Sharshar T. Acquired neuromuscular disorders in critically ill patients: a systematic review. Group de Reflexion et dŽEtude sur les Neuromyopathies En Reanimation. Intensive Care Med. 1998; 24 1242-50
- 26 Jonghe B De, Sharshar T, Lefaucheur J. Paresis aquired in the intensive care unit: a prospective multicenter study. JAMA. 2002; 288 2859-67
- 27 Letter M De, Schmitz P, Visser L, Verheul F, Schellens R, Op D de Coul, Meche F van der. Risk factors for the development of polyneuropathy and myopathy in critical ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2001; 29 2281-86
- 28 Letter M De, Doorn P van, Savelkoul H. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy (CIPNM): evidence for local immune activation by cytokin-expression in the muscle tissue. J Neuroimmunol. 2000; 106 206-13
- 29 Sèze M de, Petit H, Wiart L. Critical illness polyneuropathy: A 2-year follow-up study in 19 severe cases. Eur Neurol. 2000; 43 61-69
- 30 Dellinger R, Carlet J, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J. Surviving sepsis campaign guidlines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004; 32 858-73
- 31 Druschky A, Herkert M, Radespiel-Troger M. Critical illness polyneuropathy: clinical findings and cell culture assay of neurotoxicity assessed by aprospective study. Intensive Care Med. 2001; 27 686-93
- 32 DuBois D, Almon R. A possible role for glucocorticoids in denervation atrophy. Muscle Nerve. 1981; 4 370-73
- 33 Erbsloh F. Polyneuritic pathological conditions in internal medicine. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1955; 97 753-56
- 34 Garnacho-Montero J, Madrazo-Osuna J, Garcia-Garmendia J. Critical illness polyneuropathy: risk factors and clinical consequences. A cohort study in septic patients. Intensive Care Med. 2001; 27 1288-96
- 35 Green D. Weakness in the ICU. The Neurologist. 2005; 11 338-47
- 36 Helliwell T, Coakley J, Wagenmakers A. Necrotizing myopathy in critically ill patients. J Pathol. 1991; 164 307-14
- 37 Henderson B, Koepke G, Feller I. Peripheral polyneuropathy among patients with burns. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1971; 52 149-51
- 38 Hermans G, Wilmer A, Meersseman W, Milants I, Wouters PJ, Bobbaers H, Bruyninckx F, Berghe G Van den. Impact of Intensive Insulin Therapy on Neuromuscular Complications and Ventilator Dependency in the Medical Intensive Care Unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 175 480-489
- 39 Herridge M, Cheung A, Tansey C. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Eng J Med. 2003; 348 683-93
- 40 Hirano M, Ott B, Raps E, Minetti C, Lennihan L, Libbey N, Bonilla E, Hays A. Acute quadriplegic myopathy: a complication of treatment with steroids, nondepolarizing blocking agents, or both. Neurology. 1992; 42 2082-87
- 41 Hsai A, Hattab E, Katz J. Malnutrition-induced myopathy following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Muscle Nerve. 2001; 24 1692-94
- 42 Hund E, Fogel W, Krieger D, Georgia M De, Hacke W. Critical illness polyneuropathy: clinical findings and outcomes of a frequent cause of neuromuscular weaning failure. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24 1328-33
- 43 Hund E, Herbert M, Becker C. A humoral neurotoxic factor in sera of patients with critical illness polyneuropathy (abstract). Ann Neurol. 1996; 40 539
- 44 Iodice F, Salzano M, Prosperi M, D'Amico A, Lauri A, Bertini E. Acute quadriplegic myopathy in a 16-month-old child. Pediatr Anaesth. 2005; 15 611-5
- 45 Kupfer Y, Namba T, Kaldawi E, Tessler S. Prolonged weakness after long-term infusion of vecuronium bromide. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117 484-86
- 46 Lacomis D, Giuliani M, Van-Cott A, Kramer D. Acute myopathy of intensive care: clinical, electromyographic, and pathological aspects. Ann Neurol. 1996; 40 645-54
- 47 Lacomis D, Zochodone D, Bird S. Critical illness myopathy. Muscle Nerve. 2000; 23 1785-88
- 48 Latronico N. Monitoring of peripheral nerves and muscles function in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28 3375
- 49 Latronico N, Candiani A. Muscular wasting as a consequence of sepsis, Pages. In: Editor (Hrsg): Book Muscular wasting as a consequence of sepsis 13th. Aufl. Springer-Verlag, Milan 1998
- 50 Latronico N, Fenzi F, Recupero D. Critical illness myopathy and neuropathy. Lancet. 1996; 347 1579-82
- 51 Latronico N, Peli E, Botteri M. Critical illness myopathy and neuropathy. Current Opinion Crit Care. 2005; 11 126-32
- 52 Latronico N, Shehu I, Seghelini E. Neuromuscular sequelae of critical illness. Current Opinion Crit Care. 2005; 11 381-90
- 53 Leatherman J, Fluegel W, David W, Davies S, Iber C. Muscle weakness in mechanically ventilated patients with severe asthma. J Respir Crit care Med. 1996; 153 1686-90
- 54 Leijten F, deWeerd A. Critical illness polyneuropathy. A review of the literature, definition and pathophysiology. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1994; 96 10-19
- 55 Leijten F, deWeerd A, Poortvliet D. Critical illness polyneuropathy in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and weaning from the ventilator. Intensive Care Med. 1996; 22 856-61
- 56 Leijten F, Harinck-de J Weerd, Poortvliet D. The role of polyneuropathy in motor convalescence after prolonged mechanical ventilation. JAMA. 1995; 274 1221-25
- 57 Lycklama Á, Nyeholt J, Troost J. Critical illness polyneuropathy, Pages. In: Editor (Hrsg): Book Critical illness polyneuropathy Aufl. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1987
- 58 MacFarlane I, Rosenthal F. Severe myopathy after status asthmaticus. Lancet. 1977; 2 615
- 59 Maher J, Rutledge F, Remtulla H, Parkes A, Bernardi L, Bolton C. Neuromuscular disorders associated with failure to wean from the ventilator. Intensive Care Med. 1995; 21 737-743
- 60 Marino P, Millili J. Possible role of dietry lipids in critical illness polyneuropathy. Intensive Care Med. 1998; 24 87
- 61 Massa R, Carpenter S, Holland P, Karpati G. Loss and renewal of thick myofilaments in glucocorticoid-treated rat soleus after denervation and reinnervation. Muscle Nerve. 1992; 15 1290-98
- 62 Mertens H. Die disseminierte Neuropathie nach Koma. Nervenarzt. 1961; 32 71-79
- 63 Mohr M, Englisch L, Roth A, Burchardi H, Zielmann S. Effects of early treatment with immunglobulin on critical illness polyneuropathy following multiple organ failure and gram-negative sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 1977; 23 1144-49
- 64 Neundorfer B. Critical ill polyneuropathy. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1997; 65 446-50
- 65 Olsen C. Lesions of peripheral nerves developing during coma. JAMA. 1956; 160 39-41
- 66 Op de A Coul, Verheul G, Leyten A. Critical illness polyneuromyopathy after artificial respiration. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1991; 93 27-33
- 67 Osler W. The Principles and Practice of Medicine, Designed for the Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine. New York Appleton 1892: 114-118
- 68 Plaschke M, Trenkwalder P, Ohly A, Koenig E, Lechner C. Neurologische Symptomatik, elektrophysiologische Diagnostik und Differentialdiagnose der Critical-Illness-Polyneuropathie. Intensivmed. 1998; 35 243-51
- 69 Ramsay D, Zochodne D, Robertson D, Nag S, Ludwin S. A syndrome of acute severe muscle necrosis in intensive care units patients. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1993; 52 387-98
- 70 Rich M, Bird S, Raps E, McCluskey L, Teener J. Direct miscle stimulation in acute quadriplegic myopathy. Muscle Nerve. 1997; 20 665-73
- 71 Rich M, Teener J, Raps E. Muscle is electrically inexcitable in acute quadriplegic myopathy. Neurology. 1996; 46 731-36
- 72 Rietschel E. Bacterial endotoxin: chemical constitution, biological recognition, host response and immunological detoxification. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1996; 216 39-81
- 73 Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M. Group EG-DTC . Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Eng J Med. 2001; 345 1368-77
- 74 Sher J, Shafiq S, Schutta H. Acute myopathy with selective lysis of myosin filaments. Neurology. 1979; 29 100-06
- 75 Showalter C, Engel A. Acute quadriplegic myopathy: analysis of myosin isoforms and evidence calpain-mediated proteolysis. Muscle Nerve. 1997; 20 316-22
- 76 Singer M, Brealey D. Mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis. Biochem Soc Symp. 1999; 66 149-66
- 77 Singer M, DeSantis V, Vitale D, FJeffcoate W. Multiorgan failure is an adaptive, endocrine-mediated, metabolic response to overwhelming systemic inflammation. Lancet. 2004; 364 545-48
- 78 Stauffer J, Fayter N, Graves B. Survail following mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure in adult men. Chest. 1993; 104 1222-29
- 79 Stibler H, Edstrom L, Ahlbeck K, Remahl S, Ansved T. Electrophoretic determination of the myosin/actin ratio in the diagnosis of critical illness myopathy. Intensive Care Med. 2003; 29 1515-27
- 80 Suliman H, Carraway M, Piantadosi C. Postlipopolysaccharide oxidative damage of mitochondrial DNA. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167 570-79
- 81 Suliman H, Welty-Wolf K, Carraway M, Tatro L, Piantadosi C. Lipopolysaccharide induces oxidative cardiac mitochondrial damage and biogenesis. Cardiovasc Res. 2004; 64 279-88
- 82 Tennila A, Salmi T, Pettila V, Roine R, Varpula T, Takkunen O. Early signs of critical illness polyneuropathy in ICU patients with systemmic inflammantory response syndrome or sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2000; 26 1360-63
- 83 Tepper M, Rakic S, Haas J. Incidence and onset of critical illness polyneuropathy in patients with septic shock. Neth J Med. 2000; 56 211-14
- 84 Terasako K, Seo N, Murayama T. Are autoimmune mechanism involved in critical illness polyneuropathy?. Intensive Care Med. 1995; 21 96-97
- 85 Trojaborg W. Electrophysiologic techniques in critical illness-associated weakness. Neurological Sciences. 2006; 242 83-85
- 86 van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Eng J Med. 2001; 345 1359-67
- 87 Schaaf M van der , Beelen A, Groot I de. Critical illness polyneuropathy: a summary of the literature on rehabilitation outcome. Disabil Rehabil. 2000; 22 808-10
- 88 Mook Wvan, Hulsewé-Evers R. Critical illness polyneuropathy. Current Opinion Crit Care. 2002; 8 302-10
- 89 Waldenhausen E, Mingers B, Lippers P, Keser G. Critical illness polyneuropathy due to parenteral nutrition. Intensive Care Med. 1997; 23 922-23
- 90 Williams T, OŽHehir R, Czarny D, Horne M, Bowes G. Acute myopathy in severe acute asthma treated with intravenously administered corticosteroids. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 137 460-63
- 91 Witt N, Zochodne D, Bolton C. Peripheral nerve function in sepsis and multiple organ failure. Chest. 1991; 99 176-84
- 92 Zager R. Rhabdomyolysis and myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 1996; 49 314-26
- 93 Zifko U, Zipko H, Bolton C. Clinical and electrophysiological findings in critical illness polyneuropathy. J Neurol Sci. 1998; 159 186-93
- 94 Zochodne D, Bolton C. Neuromuscular disorders in critical illness. Baillieres Clin Neurol. 1996; 5 645-71
- 95 Zochodne D, Bolton C, Wells G. Critical illness polyneuropathy. A complication of sepsis and multiple organ failure. Brain. 1987; 110 819-42
- 96 Zochodne D, Ramsay D, Shelly S, Moffatt S. Acute necrotizing myopathy of intensive care: electrophysiological studies. Muscle Nerve. 1994; 17 285-92
Dr. med. Markus Alb
Email: markus.alb@anaes.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
Dr. med. Stephanie Hirner
Email: stephanie.hirner@anaes.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
PD Dr. med. Thomas Luecke D.E.A.A.
Email: thomas.luecke@anaes.ma.uni-heidelberg.de