ABSTRACT
Type A aortic dissection remains fatal if untreated. Although classical medical therapy for type B dissection is considered the therapy of choice in uncomplicated cases, the paradigm is changing as greater experience is accrued with endovascular treatments and technical advances improve the long-term outlook. Diagnosis is also becoming more sophisticated, allowing greater appreciation of the anatomy of dissections and improving the knowledge base as their natural history is assessed.
KEYWORDS
Aortic dissection - stent graft - multidetector computed tomography - transesophageal echocardiography
REFERENCES
1
Meszaros I, Morocz J, Szlavi J et al..
Epidemiology and clinicopathology of aortic dissection.
Chest.
2000;
117
1271-1278
2
Bickerstaff L K, Pairolero P C, Hollier L H et al..
Thoracic aortic aneurysms: a population-based study.
Surgery.
1982;
92
1103-1108
3
Clouse W D, Hallett Jr J W, Schaff H V et al..
Acute aortic dissection: population-based incidence compared with degenerative aortic aneurysm rupture.
Mayo Clin Proc.
2004;
79
176-180
4
Hagan P G, Nienaber C A, Isselbacher E M et al..
The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease.
JAMA.
2000;
283
897-903
5
Nienaber C A, Fattori R, Mehta R H et al..
Gender-related differences in acute aortic dissection.
Circulation.
2004;
109
3014-3021
6
Nienaber C A, Sievers H H.
Intramural hematoma in acute aortic syndrome: more than one variant of dissection?.
Circulation.
2002;
106
284-285
7
Moizumi Y, Komatsu T, Motoyoshi N, Tabayashi K.
Clinical features and long-term outcome of type A and type B intramural hematoma of the aorta.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
2004;
127
421-427
8
Movsowitz H D, Lampert C, Jacobs L E, Kotler M N.
Penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcers.
Am Heart J.
1994;
128
1210-1217
9
Ganaha F, Miller D C, Sugimoto K et al..
Prognosis of aortic intramural hematoma with and without penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer: a clinical and radiological analysis.
Circulation.
2002;
106
342-348
10
Lesauskaite V, Tanganelli P, Sassi C et al..
Smooth muscle cells of the media in the dilatative pathology of ascending thoracic aorta: morphology, immunoreactivity for osteopontin, matrix metalloproteinases, and their inhibitors.
Hum Pathol.
2001;
32
1003-1011
11
DeBakey M E, Beall Jr A C, Cooley D A et al..
Dissecting aneurysms of the aorta.
Surg Clin North Am.
1966;
46
1045-1055
12
Daily P O, Trueblood H W, Stinson E B, Wuerflein R D, Shumway N E.
Management of acute aortic dissections.
Ann Thorac Surg.
1970;
10
237-247
13
Erbel R, Oelert H, Meyer J et al..
Effect of medical and surgical therapy on aortic dissection evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography: implications for prognosis and therapy. The European Cooperative Study Group on Echocardiography.
Circulation.
1993;
87
1604-1615
14
Miller D C, Mitchell R S, Oyer P E, Stinson E B, Jamieson S W, Shumway N E.
Independent determinants of operative mortality for patients with aortic dissections.
Circulation.
1984;
70
I153-I164
15
Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C et al..
Diagnosis and management of aortic dissection.
Eur Heart J.
2001;
22
1642-1681
16
Mehta R H, Suzuki T, Hagan P G et al..
Predicting death in patients with acute type a aortic dissection.
Circulation.
2002;
105
200-206
17
DeBakey M E, McCollum C H, Crawford E S et al..
Dissection and dissecting aneurysms of the aorta: twenty-year follow-up of five hundred twenty-seven patients treated surgically.
Surgery.
1982;
92
1118-1134
18
Glower D D, Fann J I, Speier R H et al..
Comparison of medical and surgical therapy for uncomplicated descending aortic dissection.
Circulation.
1990;
82(suppl)
IV39-IV46
19
Schor J S, Yerlioglu M E, Galla J D, Lansman S L, Ergin M A, Griepp R B.
Selective management of acute type B aortic dissection: long-term follow-up.
Ann Thorac Surg.
1996;
61
1339-1341
20
Svensson L G, Crawford E S, Hess K R, Coselli J S, Safi H J.
Dissection of the aorta and dissecting aortic aneurysms: improving early and long-term surgical results.
Circulation.
1990;
82(suppl)
IV24-IV38
21
Fann J I, Miller D C.
Aortic dissection.
Ann Vasc Surg.
1995;
9
311-323
22
Suzuki T, Mehta R H, Ince H et al..
Clinical profiles and outcomes of acute type B aortic dissection in the current era: lessons from the International Registry of Aortic Dissection (IRAD).
Circulation.
2003;
108(suppl 1)
II312-II317
23
Fann J I, Harris G E, Mitchell R S et al..
Treatment of patients with aortic dissection presenting with peripheral vascular complications.
Ann Surg.
1990;
212
705-713
24
Cambria R P, Brewster D C, Gertler J et al..
Vascular complications associated with spontaneous aortic dissection.
J Vasc Surg.
1988;
7
199-209
25
Laas J, Heinemann M, Schaefers H J, Daniel W, Borst H G.
Management of thoracoabdominal malperfusion in aortic dissection.
Circulation.
1991;
84(suppl)
III20-III24
26
Bossone E, Rampoldi V, Nienaber C A et al..
Usefulness of pulse deficit to predict in-hospital complications and mortality in patients with acute type A aortic dissection.
Am J Cardiol.
2002;
89
851-855
27
Walker P J, Dake M D, Mitchell R S, Miller D C.
The use of endovascular techniques for the treatment of complications of aortic dissection.
J Vasc Surg.
1993;
18
1042-1051
28
Elefteriades J A, Hartleroad J, Gusberg R J et al..
Long-term experience with descending aortic dissection: the complication-specific approach.
Ann Thorac Surg.
1992;
53
11-20
, discussion 20-21
29
Wheat Jr M W.
Acute dissection of the aorta.
Cardiovasc Clin.
1987;
17
241-262
30
Richter G M, Allenberg J R, Schumacher H, Hansmann J, Vahl C, Hagl S.
[Aortic dissection-when operative treatment, when endoluminal therapy?].
Radiologe.
2001;
41
660-667
31
Doroghazi R M, Slater E E, DeSanctis R W, Buckley M J, Austen W G, Rosenthal S.
Long-term survival of patients with treated aortic dissection.
J Am Coll Cardiol.
1984;
3
1026-1034
32
Sueyoshi E, Sakamoto I, Hayashi K, Yamaguchi T, Imada T.
Growth rate of aortic diameter in patients with type B aortic dissection during the chronic phase.
Circulation.
2004;
110(suppl 1)
II256-II261
33
Sawhney N S, DeMaria A N, Blanchard D G.
Aortic intramural hematoma: an increasingly recognized and potentially fatal entity.
Chest.
2001;
120
1340-1346
34
Nienaber C A, Richartz B M, Rehders T, Ince H, Petzsch M.
Aortic intramural haematoma: natural history and predictive factors for complications.
Heart.
2004;
90
372-374
35
Coady M A, Rizzo J A, Hammond G L, Pierce J G, Kopf G S, Elefteriades J A.
Penetrating ulcer of the thoracic aorta: what is it? How do we recognize it? How do we manage it?.
J Vasc Surg.
1998;
27
1006-1015
, discussion 1015-1016
36
Tittle S L, Lynch R J, Cole P E et al..
Midterm follow-up of penetrating ulcer and intramural hematoma of the aorta.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
2002;
123
1051-1059
37
Slonim S M, Miller D C, Mitchell R S, Semba C P, Razavi M K, Dake M D.
Percutaneous balloon fenestration and stenting for life-threatening ischemic complications in patients with acute aortic dissection.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
1999;
117
1118-1126
38
Dake M D, Kato N, Mitchell R S et al..
Endovascular stent-graft placement for the treatment of acute aortic dissection.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
340
1546-1552
39
Nienaber C A, Fattori R, Lund G et al..
Nonsurgical reconstruction of thoracic aortic dissection by stent-graft placement.
N Engl J Med.
1999;
340
1539-1545
40
Beregi J P, Prat A, Gaxotte V, Delomez M, McFadden E P.
Endovascular treatment for dissection of the descending aorta.
Lancet.
2000;
356
482-483
41
Kato M, Matsuda T, Kaneko M et al..
Outcomes of stent-graft treatment of false lumen in aortic dissection.
Circulation.
1998;
98(suppl)
II305-II311
, discussion II311-312
42
Williams D M, Andrews J C, Marx M V, Abrams G D.
Creation of reentry tears in aortic dissection by means of percutaneous balloon fenestration: gross anatomic and histologic considerations.
J Vasc Interv Radiol.
1993;
4
75-83
43
Bernard Y, Zimmermann H, Chocron S et al..
False lumen patency as a predictor of late outcome in aortic dissection.
Am J Cardiol.
2001;
87
1378-1382
44
Hausegger K A, Oberwalder P, Tiesenhausen K et al..
Intentional left subclavian artery occlusion by thoracic aortic stent-grafts without surgical transposition.
J Endovasc Ther.
2001;
8
472-476
45
Rehders T C, Petzsch M, Ince H et al..
Intentional occlusion of the left subclavian artery during stent-graft implantation in the thoracic aorta: risk and relevance.
J Endovasc Ther.
2004;
11
659-666
46
Williams D M, Lee D Y, Hamilton B H et al..
The dissected aorta: percutaneous treatment of ischemic complications: principles and results.
J Vasc Interv Radiol.
1997;
8
605-625
47
Slonim S M, Nyman U, Semba C P, Miller D C, Mitchell R S, Dake M D.
Aortic dissection: percutaneous management of ischemic complications with endovascular stents and balloon fenestration.
J Vasc Surg.
1996;
23
241-251
, discussion 251-253
48
Chavan A, Hausmann D, Dresler C et al..
Intravascular ultrasound-guided percutaneous fenestration of the intimal flap in the dissected aorta.
Circulation.
1997;
96
2124-2127
49
Yunoki K, Uchida H, Sano S, Shimizu N.
Effects of endoluminal stent-grafts on acute aortic dissection in dogs.
Acta Med Okayama.
1998;
52
89-95
50
Lopera J, Patino J H, Urbina C et al..
Endovascular treatment of complicated type-B aortic dissection with stent-grafts: midterm results.
J Vasc Interv Radiol.
2003;
14
195-203
51
Palma J H, de Souza J A, Rodrigues Alves C M, Carvalho A C, Buffolo E.
Self-expandable aortic stent-grafts for treatment of descending aortic dissections.
Ann Thorac Surg.
2002;
73
1138-1141
, discussion 1141-1142
52
Taylor P R, Bell R E, Reidy J F.
Endovascular treatment of acute type B aortic dissection.
Acta Chir Belg.
2004;
104
513-518
53
Fann J I, Miller D C.
Endovascular treatment of descending thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections.
Surg Clin North Am.
1999;
79
551-574
54
Kato N, Hirano T, Shimono T et al..
Treatment of chronic type B aortic dissection with endovascular stent-graft placement.
Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol.
2000;
23
60-62
55
Kato N, Shimono T, Hirano T et al..
Midterm results of stent-graft repair of acute and chronic aortic dissection with descending tear: the complication-specific approach.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
2002;
124
306-312
56
Shimono T, Kato N, Yasuda F et al..
Transluminal stent-graft placements for the treatments of acute onset and chronic aortic dissections.
Circulation.
2002;
106(suppl 1)
I241-I247
57
Svensson L G, Hess K R, Coselli J S, Safi H J.
Influence of segmental arteries, extent, and atriofemoral bypass on postoperative paraplegia after thoracoabdominal aortic operations.
J Vasc Surg.
1994;
20
255-262
58
Eggebrecht H, Nienaber C A, Neuhauser M et al..
Endovascular stent-graft placement in aortic dissection: a meta-analysis.
Eur Heart J.
2006;
27
489-498
59
Umana J P, Miller D C, Mitchell R S.
What is the best treatment for patients with acute type B aortic dissections: medical, surgical, or endovascular stent-grafting?.
Ann Thorac Surg.
2002;
74
S1840-S1843
, discussion S1857-S1863
60
Gaxotte V, Thony F, Rousseau H et al..
Midterm results of aortic diameter outcomes after thoracic stent-graft implantation for aortic dissection: a multicenter study.
J Endovasc Ther.
2006;
13
127-138
61
Akutsu K, Nejima J, Kiuchi K et al..
Effects of the patent false lumen on the long-term outcome of type B acute aortic dissection.
Eur J Cardiothorac Surg.
2004;
26
359-366
62
Nienaber C A, Kische S, Zeller T et al..
Provisional extension to induce complete attachment after stent-graft placement in type B aortic dissection: the PETTICOAT concept.
J Endovasc Ther.
2006;
13
738-746
63
Shimono T, Kato N, Tokui T et al..
Endovascular stent-graft repair for acute type A aortic dissection with an intimal tear in the descending aorta.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
1998;
116
171-173
64
Kato N, Shimono T, Hirano T, Ishida M, Yada I, Takeda K.
Transluminal placement of endovascular stent-grafts for the treatment of type A aortic dissection with an entry tear in the descending thoracic aorta.
J Vasc Surg.
2001;
34
1023-1028
65
Nienaber C A, Zannetti S, Barbieri B et al..
INvestigation of STEnt grafts in patients with type B Aortic Dissection: design of the INSTEAD trial-a prospective, multicenter, European randomized trial.
Am Heart J.
2005;
149
592-599
66
Harris K M, Braverman A C, Gutierrez F R, Barzilai B, Davila-Roman V G.
Transesophageal echocardiographic and clinical features of aortic intramural hematoma.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg.
1997;
114
619-626
67
Schoder M, Grabenwoger M, Holzenbein T et al..
Endovascular stent-graft repair of complicated penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers of the descending thoracic aorta.
J Vasc Surg.
2002;
36
720-726
68
Kos X, Bouchard L, Otal P et al..
Stent-graft treatment of penetrating thoracic aortic ulcers.
J Endovasc Ther.
2002;
9(suppl 2)
II25-II31
69
Brittenden J, McBride K, McInnes G, Gillespie I N, Bradbury A W.
The use of endovascular stents in the treatment of penetrating ulcers of the thoracic aorta.
J Vasc Surg.
1999;
30
946-949
70
Demers P, Miller D C, Mitchell R S, Kee S T, Chagonjian L, Dake M D.
Stent-graft repair of penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers in the descending thoracic aorta: mid-term results.
Ann Thorac Surg.
2004;
77
81-86
71
Eggebrecht H, Baumgart D, Schmermund A et al..
Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the aorta: treatment by endovascular stent-graft placement.
Curr Opin Cardiol.
2003;
18
431-435
72
Chung J W, Elkins C, Sakai T et al..
True-lumen collapse in aortic dissection: part II. Evaluation of treatment methods in phantoms with pulsatile flow.
Radiology.
2000;
214
99-106
73
Vedantham S, Picus D, Sanchez L A et al..
Percutaneous management of ischemic complications in patients with type-B aortic dissection.
J Vasc Interv Radiol.
2003;
14
181-194
H. RousseauM.D.
Department of Radiology, Hôpital Rangueil, 1, avenue Jean-Poulhes
TSA 50 032, 31059, Toulouse cedex 9, France