Validität von Mutter- und Beobachterurteilen über kindliches Bindungsverhalten

Zusammenfassung

Das Attachment Q-Set (AQS) gilt hinsichtlich seiner Beobachterversion als ein valides Instrument zur Erfassung der Bindungssicherheit im Kleinkindalter, während unklar ist, welche Merkmale durch seine Mutterversion erfasst werden. Da bisher wenige Studien vorliegen, die beide Versionen hinsichtlich verschiedener Validitätskriterien vergleichen, erfolgte dies in der vorliegenden Arbeit. Weiterhin wurde nach Variablen gesucht, die die Übereinstimmung beider AQS-Versionen moderieren. In einer Stichprobe von 64 Mutter-Kind-Paaren wurde im Alter der Kinder von 18 Monaten der Fremde-Situations-Test (FST) und im Alter von 30 Monaten das AQS in der Beobachter- und der Mutterversion zur Erfassung der kindlichen Bindungssicherheit eingesetzt. Darüber hinaus wurde die mütterliche Reaktivität/Sensitivität – ein Merkmal, mit dem Bindungssicherheit theoriegemäß korrelieren sollte – zu mehreren Zeitpunkten erfasst. Die Tendenz der Mütter, ihr Kind sozial erwünscht zu beschreiben, wurde per Fragebogen eruiert. Es kann insofern von der Validität beider AQS-Versionen ausgegangen werden als beide signifikant mit der mütterlichen Reaktivität/Sensitivität verbunden sind. Jedoch besteht nur für die Beobachterversion auf den FST bezogene Validität. Mutter- und Beobachter-AQS stimmen besser überein bei Mädchen bzw. bei Müttern mit einer geringen Urteilstendenz in Richtung sozialer Erwünschtheit.

Abstract

The observer version of the Attachment Q-Set (AQS) is considered to be a valid instrument for the assessment of infant attachment security while it is unclear which variables are measured by its mother version. Since there are only few studies so far who evaluate both versions concerning more than one aspect of validity, this was the aim of the present study. Furthermore it was searched for variables which moderate the correspondence of both versions. In a sample of 64 mother child dyads attachment security was assessed at the childrens' age of 18 months in the Strange Situation Test (SST) and at the age of 30 months via AQS in both the observer and the mother version. Maternal sensitivity which is hypothesised in attachment theory to be related to attachment security was estimated in order to test validity. The mothers' tendency to describe her child in a social desired way was investigated via questionnaire. To summarize validity can be stated for both versions of the AQS since both correlate significantly with maternal sensitivity. However only the observer version of AQS was associated with SST classifications and can therefore be considered to reach validity. Mother and observer version corresponded better in the case of girls respectively when the mothers' social desirability response bias was low.

Bindungssicherheit - Attachment Q-Set - mütterliches Urteil - soziale Erwünschtheit

attachment security - Attachment Q-Set - mother report - social desirability bias

Literatur

• 1 Waters E, Deane K E. Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. In: Bretherton I, Waters E (eds): Growing points of attachment theory and research.  Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1985;  50, No. 209, Nos. 1 – 2 39-40
• 2 Ainsworth M DS, Blehar M C, Waters E, Wall S. Patterns of attachment. A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ; Erlbaum 1978
• 3 Bowlby J. Attachment and loss. Vol. 2: Separation: Anxiety and anger. 1973 New York; Basic Books Dt.: Trennung. München: Kindler, 1976
• 4 Seifer R, Schiller M, Sameroff A J. et al . Attachment, maternal sensitivity, and infant temperament during the first year of life.  Dev Psychol. 1996;  32, No. 1 12-25
• 5 Moran G, Pederson D R, Pettit P, Krupka A. Maternal sensitivity and infant-mother attachment in a developmentally delayed sample.  Infant Behav Dev. 1992;  15 427-442
• 6 Posada G, Jacobs A, Carbonell O A. et al . Maternal care and attachment security in ordinary and emergency contexts.  Dev Psychol. 1999;  35, No. 6 1379-1388
• 7 Vereijken C MJL, Hanta S, van Lieshout C FM. Validity of Attachment Q-sort descriptions by mothers: The Japanese case.  Jpn Psychol Res. 1997;  39 (4) 291-299
• 8 Posada G, Jacobs A, Richmond M K. et al . Maternal caregiving and infant security in two cultures.  Developmental Psychology. 2002;  38 (1) 67-78
• 9 Diener M L, Nievar M A, Wright C. Attachment security among mothers and their young children living in poverty: Associations with maternal, child, and contextual characteristics.  Merrill Palmer Quart. 2003;  49, No. 2 154-182
• 10 van Ijzendoorn M H, Vereijken C MJL, Bakermans-Kranenburg M J, Riksen-Walraven M. Assessing attachment security with the Attachment Q Sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer-AQS.  Child Dev. 2004;  75, No. 4 1188-1213
• 11 Ainsworth M DS, Wittig B A. Attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. In: Foss BM (ed) Determinants of infant behavior IV. London; Methuen 1969
• 12 Vaughn B E, Waters E. Attachment behavior at home and in the laboratory: Q-Sort observations and Strange Situation classifications of one-year-olds.  Child Dev. 1990;  61 1965-1973
• 13 Howes C, Hamilton C E. Children's relationships with child care teachers: Stability and concordance with parental attachments.  Child Dev. 1992;  63 867-878
• 14 Pederson D R, Moran G. Expressions of the attachment relationship outside of the Strange Situation.  Child Dev. 1996;  67 915-927
• 15 Pederson D R, Gleason K E, Moran G, Bento S. Maternal attachment representations, maternal sensitivity, and the infant-mother attachment relationship.  Dev Psychol. 1998;  34, No. 5 925-933
• 16 Van Dam M, van Ijzendoorn M H. Measuring attachment security: Concurrent and predictive validity of the parental Attachment Q-set.  J Genet Psychol. 1988;  149 447-457
• 17 van Ijzendoorn M H, Kroonenberg P. Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the Strange Situation.  Child Dev. 1988;  59 147-156
• 18 Tarabulsy G M, Avgoustis E, Phillips J. et al . Similarities and differences in mothers' and oberservers' description of attachment behaviours.  I J Behav Dev. 1997;  21 (3) 599-619
• 19 Clements M, Barnett D. Parenting and attachment among toddlers with congenital anomalies: Examining the Strange Situation and Attachment Q-Sort.  Infant Ment Health. 2002;  23 (6) 625-642
• 20 Pederson D R, Moran G, Sitko C. et al . Maternal sensitivity and the security of infant-mother attachment: A q-sort study.  Child Dev. 1990;  61 1974-1983
• 21 Pederson D R, Moran G. A categorial description of infant-mother relationships in the home and it's relation to q-sort measures of infant-mother interaction. In: Waters E, Vaughn BE, Posada G, Kondo-Ikemura K (eds): Caregiving, cultural, and cognitive perspectives on secure-base behavior and working models: New growing points of attachment theory and research.  Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1995;  60, Serial No. 244, Nos 2 – 3 111-132
• 22 Teti D M, McGourty S. Using mothers versus trained observers in assessing children's secure base behaviour: Theoretical and methodological considerations.  Child Dev. 1996;  67 597-605
• 23 Cassiba R, van Ijzendoorn M H, d'Ororico L. Attachment and play in child care centres: Reliability and validity of the attachment Q-sort for mothers and professional caregivers in Italy.  I J Behav Dev. 2000;  24 (2) 241-255
• 24 Schölmerich A, van Aken M AG. Attachment security and maternal concepts of ideal children in northern and southern Germany.  International Journal of Behav Dev. 1996;  19 (4) 725-738
• 25 Posada G, Gao Y, Wu F. et al . The secure-base phenomen across cultures: Children's behavior, mothers' preferences, and experts' concepts. In: Waters E, Vaughn BE, Posada G, Kondo-Ikemura K (eds): Caregiving, cultural, and cognitive perspectives on secure-base behavior and working models: New growing points of attachment theory and research.  Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1995;  60, Serial No. 244, Nos 2 – 3 27-48
• 26 Vereijken C MJL, Riksen-Walraven J M, van Lieshout C FM. Mother-infant relationships in Japan. Attachment, dependency, and amae.  J Cross Cult Psychol. 1997;  28 (4) 442-462
• 27 Belsky J, Rovine M. Q-sort security and first-year nonmaternal care. In: McCartney K New directions in child development: the social ecology of day care. San Francisco; Jossey-Bass Inc Pub 1990
• 28 Pierrehumbert B, Mühlemann I, Antonietti J P. et al . Etude de validation d'une version francophone du „Q-Sort” d'attachement de Waters & Deane.  Enfance. 1995;  No. 3 293-315
• 29 Schölmerich A. Deutsche Version des Attachment-Q-Set von Waters u. Deane. Unveröffentliches Manual 1998
• 30 Waters E. Homepage des Department of Psychology. Stony Brook, NY 11794-2500; State University of New York at Stony Brook (zuletzt eingesehen in 8/2007) http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/
• 31 Esser G, Scheven A, Petrova A. et al . Mannheimer Beurteilungsskalen zur Erfassung der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Säuglingsalter (MBS-MKI-S).  Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie. 1989;  17 185-193
• 32 Dinter-Jörg M, Polowczyk M, Herrle J. et al . Mannheimer Beobachtungsskalen zur Analyse der Mutter-Kind-Interaktion im Kleinkindalter.  Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie. 1997;  25 207-217
• 33 Goldsmith H H, Alansky J A. Maternal and infant temperamental predictors of attachment: A meta-analytic review.  J Consult Clin Psychol. 1987;  55, No. 6 805-816
• 34 Langert R, Angleitner A. Temperamentsuntersuchung an 1- bis 4-jährigen Zwillingen anhand des Toddler-Behavior-Assessment-Questionnaire (TBAQ). Diplomarbeit. Universität Bielefeld 1996
• 35 Bortz J. Statistik für Sozialwissenschaftler (5. Auflage). Berlin; Springer 1999
• 36 Grossmann K, Grossmann K E, Spangler G. et al . Maternal sensitivity and newborns' orientation responses as related to quality of attachment in northern Germany. In: Bretherton I, Waters E (eds): Growing points in attachment theory and research.  Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1985;  50 233-278
• 37 Isabella R A, Belsky J, Eye A V. Origins of infant-mother attachment: An examination of interactional synchrony during the infant's first year.  Dev Psychol. 1989;  25 (1) 12-21
• 38 Clearfield M W, Nelson N M. Sex differences in mothers' speech and play behavior with 6-, 9- and 14-month-old infants.  Sex Roles. 2006;  54, Nos. 1/2 127-137