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DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1067300
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Kardiale Bildgebung bei Verdacht auf eine koronare Herzkrankheit
Cardiac imaging in suspected coronary artery diseasePublikationsverlauf
eingereicht: 28.11.2007
akzeptiert: 28.1.2008
Publikationsdatum:
19. März 2008 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Die klinisch infrage kommenden nicht-invasiven Bildgebungsmethoden zur Abklärung des Verdachts auf eine koronare Herzerkrankung (KHK) werden in diesem Übersichtsartikel hinsichtlich ihrer Methodik, diagnostischen Wertigkeit und ihrer prognostischen Bedeutung genauer dargestellt. Die einzelnen Verfahren kommen dann zum Einsatz, wenn die Durchführung eines Belastungs-EKGs nicht sinnvoll, aus körperlichen Gründen nicht möglich oder das Ergebnis nicht aussagekräftig ist und eine mittlere Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit besteht.
Die Stress-Echokardiographie ist ein kostengünstiges, einfach durchführbares Verfahren, das auf dem indirekten Nachweis einer Myokardischämie durch visuelle Detektion von induzierten Wandbewegungsstörungen beruht. Die diagnostische Wertigkeit dieses Verfahrens ist daher wesentlich von der subjektiven Expertise hinsichtlich praktischer Durchführung und visueller Befundinterpretation abhängig.
Minderperfusionen des Myokards werden in der Myokardszintigraphie nach entsprechender Provokation und Einsatz von bestimmten Radiopharmaka durch Nachweis von Signalintensitätsunterschieden im SPECT-Bild nachgewiesen. Die Myokardszintigraphie besitzt einen sehr hohen negativ prädiktiven Wert auf Kosten einer niedrigeren Spezifität infolge verfahrensbedingter falsch positiver Befunde.
Die CMR ermöglicht eine umfassende kardiale Untersuchung in einem einzigen, aber dafür teils längeren Untersuchungsgang. Neben der Erfassung von minderperfundierten Myokardarealen mittels Dobutamin- bzw. Adenosin-Stress-Untersuchung ist auch eine exakte Erfassung von Myokardinfarkten mittels kontrast-verstärkter Aufnahmen möglich.
Trotz faszinierender, hochauflösender Koronarbilder hat die Multi-Detektor-Computer-Tomographie (MDCT) aufgrund der unvermeidlichen Strahlen- und Kontrastmittelbelastung und des bisher nicht geklärten Indikationsspektrums kaum Eingang in die entsprechenden Leitlinien gefunden. Die einfache Bestimmung der koronaren Kalklast eignet sich zur einfachen Prognoseabschätzung bei Patienten mit intermediärem Risikoprofil.
Summary
Within the scope of this review, non-invasive imaging modalities applicable for further work-up of suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) are discussed with regard to methodology, diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value. All of these imaging modalities can be employed in patients with an intermediate pretest probability of disease, if ECG stress testing is either not reasonable, not possible due to physical limitations or if the result is inconclusive.
Stress echocardiography is a cost-effective and an easily practicable method based on the indirect detection of myocardial ischemia by visually assessing provoked wall motion abnormalities. Therefore, its diagnostic value is mainly determined by individual expertise.
In case of myocardial scintigraphy, reduced myocardial perfusion causes signal intensity differences in SPECT images following physical or pharmacological stress which are reversible at rest. Myocardial scintigraphy is characterised by a high negative predictive value at the expense of a lower specificity due to false positive results based on methodological limitations.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) offers a comprehensive cardiac study in a single procedure. Apart from detecting myocardial ischemia by dobutamine-stress-CMR or adenosine-perfusion-CMR, it enables the precise detection of even small areas of myocardial infarction on contrast-enhanced images.
In spite of fascinating high-resolution coronary images, multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) has hardly been included in current guidelines due to the unavoidable risks of radiation and contrast medium exposure and the current uncertainty in defining appropriate clinical indications. However, quantification of coronary calcium is easily performed and may be useful for prognostic assessment in patients with intermediate risk profile.
Schlüsselwörter
Stress-Echokardiographie - Myokardszintigraphie - kardiale Magnetresonanztomographie - Mehrzeilen-Detektor-Computertomographie - Cardiac imaging in suspected coronary artery disease
Key words
stress echocardiography - myocardial scintigraphy - cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging - multidetector computed tomography
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Prof. Dr. med. Udo Sechtem
Abteilung für Kardiologie und Pulmologie, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus
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