Comparison of methods to evaluate clopidogrel-mediated platelet inhibition after percutaneous intervention with stent implantation

Thomas Gremmel; Sabine Steiner; Daniela Seidinger; Renate Koppensteiner; Simon Panzer; Christoph W. Kopp

doi:10.1160/TH08-09-0577

Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Table of Contents

Thromb Haemost 2009; 101(02): 333-339
DOI: 10.1160/TH08-09-0577

Platelets and Blood Cells

Schattauer GmbH

Comparison of methods to evaluate clopidogrel-mediated platelet inhibition after percutaneous intervention with stent implantation

Authors

Thomas Gremmel

¹Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Sabine Steiner

¹Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Daniela Seidinger

¹Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Renate Koppensteiner

¹Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Simon Panzer^*

²Clinical Department for Blood Group Serology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Christoph W. Kopp^*

¹Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Abstract

Summary

A high on-treatment residual ADP-inducible platelet reactivity in light transmission aggregometry (LTA) has been associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, LTA is weakly standardized, and results obtained in one laboratory may not be comparable to those obtained in another one. We therefore sought to determine the test correlating best with LTA to estimate clopidogrel-mediated platelet inhibition in 80 patients on dual antiplatelet therapy after elective percutaneous intervention with stent implantation. We selected the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay, the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation assay, multiple electrode platelet aggregometry and the Impact-R for comparisons with LTA. Cut-off values for residual ADP-inducible platelet reactivity were defined according to quartiles of each assay. Sensitivities and specificities of the different platelet function tests were based on the results from LTA. The results from all four assays correlated significantly with those from LTA. The VerifyNow P2Y12 assay revealed the strongest correlation (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). Sensitivities and specificities ranged from 35% to 55%, and from 78.3% to 85%, respectively. In conclusion, although all assays correlated significantly with LTA, they need to be improved to become clinically used diagnostic tests. Further, it may be too early to define the gold standard method for assessing residual ADP-inducible platelet reactivity and generally acceptable cut-off values.

Keywords

Antiplatelet agents - platelet aggregation - platelet function tests

Full Text

References

References
1 Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ. et al. Effects of pre-treatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 2001; 358: 527-533.
2 Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT. 3rd, et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 288: 2411-2420.
3 Zeymer U, Gitt A, Junger C. et al. Clopidogrel in addition to aspirin reduces in-hospital major cardiac and cerebrovascular events in unselected patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 155-160.
4 Sharis PJ, Cannon CP, Loscalzo J. The antiplatelet effects of ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Ann Intern Med 1998; 129: 394-405.
5 Cattaneo M. P2Y₁₂ receptor antagonists: a rapidly expanding group of antiplatelet agents. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1010-1012.
6 Gachet C. P2 receptors, platelet function and pharmacological implications. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 466-472.
7 Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hiatt BL. et al. Clopidogrel for coronary stenting: response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity. Circulation 2003; 107: 2908-2913.
8 Grossmann R, Sokolova O, Schnurr A. et al. Variable extent of clopidogrel responsiveness in patients after coronary stenting. Thromb Haemost 2004; 92: 1201-1206.
9 Serebruany VL, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB. et al. Variability in platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel among 544 individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 246-251.
10 Serebruany V, Pokov I, Kuliczkowski W. et al. Baseline platelet activity and response after clopidogrel in 257 diabetics among 822 patients with coronary artery disease. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100: 76-82.
11 Geisler T, Langer H, Wydymus M. et al. Low response to clopidogrel is associated with cardiovascular outcome after coronary stent implantation. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2420-2425.
12 Frere C, Cuisset T, Quilici J. et al. ADP-induced platelet aggregation and platelet reactivity index VASP are good predictive markers for clinical outcomes in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98: 838-843.
13 Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J. et al. High post-treatment platelet reactivity identified low-responders to dual antiplatelet therapy at increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events after stenting for acute coronary syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 542-549.
14 Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Guyer K. et al. Platelet reactivity in patients and recurrent events post-stenting: results of the PREPARE POST-STENTING Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1820-1826.
15 Hochholzer W, Trenk D, Bestehorn HP. et al. Impact of the degree of peri-interventional platelet inhibition after loading with clopidogrel on early clinical outcome of elective coronary stent placement. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 1742-1750.
16 Matetzky S, Shenkman B, Guetta V. et al. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004; 109: 3171-3175.
17 De Miguel A, Ibanez B, Badimon JJ. Clinical implications of clopidogrel resistance. Thromb Haemost 2008; 100: 196-203.
18 Siller-Matula J, Schror K, Wojta J. et al. Thienopyri-dines in cardiovascular disease: focus on clopidogrel resistance. Thromb Haemost 2007; 97: 385-393.
19 Harrison P, Frelinger 3rd AL, Furman MI. et al. Measuring antiplatelet drug effects in the laboratory. Thromb Res 2007; 120: 323-336.
20 Angiolillo DJ, Alfonso F. Platelet function testing and cardiovascular outcomes: steps forward in identifying the best predictive measure. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98: 707-709.
21 von Beckerath N, Pogatsa-Murray G, Wieczorek A. et al. Correlation of a new point-of-care test with conventional optical aggregometry for the assessment of clopidogrel responsiveness. Thromb Haemost 2006; 95: 910-911.
22 van Werkum JW, van der Stelt CA, Seesing TH. et al. A head-to-head comparison between the VerifyNow P2Y₁₂ assay and light transmittance aggregometry for monitoring the individual platelet response to clopidogrel in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 2516-2518.
23 Jakubowski JA, Payne CD, Li YG. et al. The use of the VerifyNow P2Y₁₂ point-of-care device to monitor platelet function across a range of P2Y₁₂ inhibition levels following prasugrel and clopidogrel administration. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 409-415.
24 Aleil B, Ravanat C, Cazenave JP. et al. Flow cytometric analysis of intraplatelet VASP phosphorylation for the detection of clopidogrel resistance in patients with ischemic cardiovascular diseases. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 85-92.
25 Jakubowski JA, Payne CD, Li YG. et al. A comparison of the antiplatelet effects of prasugrel and high-dose clopidogrel as assessed by VASP-phosphorylation and light transmission aggregometry. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 215-222.
26 Blindt R, Stellbrink K, de Taeye A. et al. The significance of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein for risk stratification of stent thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98: 1329-1334.
27 Morel O, Bernhard N, Desprez D. et al. Residual prothrombotic status in low responder patients to clopidogrel identified by Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein Phosphorylation (VASP) analysis?. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 448-451.
28 Morel O, Faure A, Ohlmann P. et al. Impaired platelet responsiveness to clopidogrel identified by flow cytometric vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation in patients with subacute stent thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98: 896-899.
29 Cardinal DC, Flower RJ. The electronic aggrego-meter: a novel device for assessing platelet behavior in blood. J Pharmacol Methods 1980; 3: 135-158.
30 Toth O, Calatzis A, Penz S. et al. Multiple electrode aggregometry: a new device to measure platelet aggregation in whole blood. Thromb Haemost 2006; 96: 781-788.
31 Johnson A, Dovlatova N, Heptinstall S. Multiple electrode aggregometry and P2Y₍₁₂₎ antagonists. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 1127-1129.
32 Mani H, Kirchmayr K, Klaffling C. et al. Influence of blood collection techniques on platelet function. Platelets 2004; 15: 315-318.
33 Linnemann B, Schwonberg J, Mani H. et al. Standardization of light transmittance aggregometry for monitoring antiplatelet therapy: an adjustment for platelet count is not necessary. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 677-683.
34 Cattaneo M, Lecchi A, Zighetti ML. et al. Platelet aggregation studies: autologous platelet-poor plasma inhibits platelet aggregation when added to platelet-rich plasma to normalize platelet count. Haematologica 2007; 92: 694-697.
35 Sibbing D, Braun S, Jawansky S. et al. Assessment of ADP-induced platelet aggregation with light transmission aggregometry and multiple electrode platelet aggregometry before and after clopidogrel treatment. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 121-126.
36 Seyfert UT, Haubelt H, Vogt A. et al. Variables influencing Multiplate(TM) whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry and turbidimetric platelet aggregation in healthy individuals. Platelets 2007; 18: 199-206.
37 Mueller T, Dieplinger B, Poelz W. et al. Utility of whole blood impedance aggregometry for the assessment of clopidogrel action using the novel Multiplate analyzer--comparison with two flow cytometric methods. Thromb Res 2007; 121: 249-258.
38 Varon D, Dardik R, Shenkman B. et al. A new method for quantitative analysis of whole blood platelet interaction with extracellular matrix under flow conditions. Thromb Res 1997; 85: 283-294.
39 Panzer S, Eichelberger B, Koren D. et al. Monitoring survival and function of transfused platelets in Bernard-Soulier syndrome by flow cytometry and a cone and plate(let) analyzer (Impact-R). Transfusion 2007; 47: 103-106.
40 Shenkman B, Matetzky S, Fefer P. et al. Variable responsiveness to clopidogrel and aspirin among patients with acute coronary syndrome as assessed by platelet function tests. Thromb Res 2008; 122: 336-345.
41 Matetzky S, Fefer P, Shenkman B. et al. Effectiveness of reloading to overcome clopidogrel nonresponsiveness in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2008; 102: 524-529.
42 Paniccia R, Antonucci E, Gori AM. et al. Different methodologies for evaluating the effect of clopidogrel on platelet function in high-risk coronary artery disease patients. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 1839-1847.
43 Lordkipanidze M, Pharand C, Nguyen TA. et al. Comparison of four tests to assess inhibition of platelet function by clopidogrel in stable coronary artery disease patients. Eur Heart J. 2008 in print.
44 Bonello L, Paganelli F, Arpin-Bornet M. et al. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation analysis prior to percutaneous coronary intervention for exclusion of postprocedural major adverse cardiovascular events. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 1630-1636.
45 Price MJ, Endemann S, Gollapudi RR. et al. Prognostic significance of post-clopidogrel platelet reactivity assessed by a point-of-care assay on thrombotic events after drug-eluting stent implantation. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 992-1000.
46 Angiolillo DJ, Bernardo E, Palazuelos J. et al. Functional impact of high clopidogrel maintenance dosing in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary interventions. Results of a randomized study. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 161-168.
47 May AE, Geisler T, Gawaz M. Individualized anti-thrombotic therapy in high risk patients after coronary stenting. A double-edged sword between thrombosis and bleeding. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 487-493.
48 Neubauer H, Lask S, Engelhardt A. et al. How to optimise clopidogrel therapy? Reducing the low-response incidence by aggregometry-guided therapy modification. Thromb Haemost 2008; 99: 357-362.