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Thromb Haemost 2013; 110(03): 408-422
DOI: 10.1160/TH13-03-0206
Theme Issue Article
Schattauer GmbH

Clinical utility of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK) in urogenital malignancies

Julia Dorn
1   Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
,
Jane Bayani
2   Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3   Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,
George M. Yousef
2   Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
4   Department of Laboratory Medicine and the Keenan Research Centre in the Li KaShing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,
Feng Yang
1   Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
,
Viktor Magdolen
1   Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
,
Marion Kiechle
1   Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
,
Eleftherios P. Diamandis
2   Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
3   Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
,
Manfred Schmitt
1   Clinical Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received: 10 March 2013

Accepted after major revision: 25 May 2013

Publication Date:
22 November 2017 (online)

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Summary

Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK), which represent a major tissue-associated proteolytic system, stand for a rich source of biomarkers that may allow molecular classification, early diagnosis and prognosis of human malignancies as well as prediction of response or failure to cancer-directed drugs. International research points to an important role of certain KLKs in female and male urogenital tract malignancies, in addition to cancers of the lung, brain, skin, head and neck, and the gastrointestinal tract. Regarding the female/male urogenital tract, remarkably, all of the KLKs are expressed in the normal prostate, testis, and kidney whereas the uterus, the ovary, and the urinary bladder are expressing a limited number of KLKs only. Most of the information regarding KLK expression in tumour-affected organs is available for ovarian cancer; all of the 12 KLKs tested so far were found to be elevated in the malignant state, depicting them as valuable biomarkers to distinguish between the normal and the cancerous phenotype. In contrast, for kidney cancer, a series of KLKs was found to be downregulated, while other KLKs were not expressed. Evidently, depending on the type of cancer or cancer stage, individual KLKs may show characteristics of a Janus-faced behaviour, by either expanding or inhibiting cancer progression and metastasis.

Keywords

Cancer - proteases - endometrium - ovary - prostate
 

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