Key Words
Penetrating aortic ulcer - Iliac aneurysm - Endovascular
Introduction
Penetrating aortic ulcers (PAUs) are aortic atherosclerotic lesions that ulcerate through the internal elastic lamina into the media, allowing hematoma formation in the media[1]. PAU is one of three types of acute aortic syndrome that accounts for 2–11% of all acute aortic syndromes[2]. Elefteriades’ group recognized the aggressive nature of PAUs and differentiated their early behavior from that of classic type A and B dissections, showing that the rupture rate of symptomatic PAUs is as high as 38%[3].
Isolated internal iliac aneurysms (IIAs), in absence of a concomitant abdominal aortic aneurysm, are unusual. Many IIAs are asymptomatic and are found incidentally, as their deep location in the pelvis precludes routine detection; however, patients with IIA frequently present with multiple aneurysms (43–67%)[4]. The incidence of IIA rupture in Western and Asian patients is approximately 30%[4]; however, IIA rupture is associated with high mortality (30–50%)[5], and the threshold for elective repair is generally considered to be 30 mm in maximal transverse diameter[4]
[5].
Here, we report a case of symptomatic PAU associated with an asymptomatic right “isolated” IIA that was diagnosed incidentally during work-up for the PAU. Both the PAU and right IIA were successfully treated using a single-stage endovascular approach.
Case Presentation
A 68-year-old Chinese man with a history of smoking (45 years) and hypertension was admitted with acute severe chest and back pain. Electrocardiography showed nonspecific ST-T changes and normal ventricular function without pericardial effusion. His physical examination was unremarkable other than an elevated blood pressure of 185/106 mmHg; laboratory tests showed normal troponin levels, and D-dimer was 510 ng/ml (normal range < 500 ng/ml). The patient was suspected to suffer from an acute aortic syndrome and was treated with β-blockade and morphine. Three-dimensional computed tomography angiography showed a proximal descending penetrating aortic ulcer with associated intramural hematoma ([Figure 1A], [1B], and [1C]); there was also an aneurysm of the right common iliac artery (maximum diameter 36 mm) involving the origin of the right IIA ([Figure 2A]). There were no other aneurysms.
Figure1. Computed tomography angiogram with contrast showing a penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU) (yellow arrow) with intramural hematoma (yellow solid triangles) in the axial plane (Panel A) and the PAU in the sagittal plane (Panel B). Panel C. Three-dimensional reconstruction demonstrating the PAU. Panel D. Intraprocedural angiogram demonstrating the PAU.
Figure 2. Panel A. Three-dimensional computed tomography angiogram demonstrating a right iliac aneurysm (yellow arrow) involving the right common iliac artery and the origin of the right internal iliac artery. Panel B. Intraprocedural angiogram identifying the right iliac aneurysm (yellow arrow).
After 4 days of medical treatment, his systolic blood pressure was no longer elevated, but he experienced only partial relief of chest pain; accordingly, repair of the symptomatic PAU and right IIA (> 30 mm) was planned using a single-stage endovascular approach. Under general anesthesia, the bilateral common femoral arteries were exposed; a 6-F sheath was placed in the left femoral artery, demonstrating the PAU ([Figure 1D]) and right IIA ([Figure 2B]). An 8-F sheath was used to place a Lunderquist extra-stiff guidewire (145 cm, Cook Medical, Bloomington, Indiana, USA) and catheter into the ascending aorta. The PAU was covered with a stent graft (diameter 36 mm; length 150 mm; Endurant, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) starting immediately distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery; intraoperative angiography demonstrated no endoleak ([Figure 3A]). A 0.035” guidewire (TERUMO, Fujinomiya, Japan) was used to access the right IIA from the left femoral artery, and coil embolization was performed using two coils (diameter 15 mm, MWCE-35-8-15, Cook Medical) to exclude the IIA ([Figure 3B]). The IIA was covered with a stent graft (diameter 16 mm, length 120 mm, Endurant, Medtronic Inc.) placed from the right common iliac artery into the right external iliac artery. Completion angiography demonstrated no endoleak with good flow to the lower extremities ([Figure 3C]). The operation time was 1.5 h. The patient’s chest pain was completely relieved, and he recovered well. He was discharged on postoperative day 7.
Figure 3. Panel A. Intraprocedural angiogram showing thoracic aortic stent-graft placement to treat the PAU. Panel B. Intraprocedural angiogram showing coil embolization of the right internal iliac artery (yellow arrow showing coils). Panel C. Intraprocedural angiogram showing stent-graft placement in the right common iliac artery and external iliac artery.
Six months after discharge, computed tomography angiography showed good patency of both stent grafts without endoleak; there was no buttock claudication.
Discussion
PAUs frequently present as an acute aortic syndrome, with risk of intramural hematoma, pseudoaneurysm, rupture, or dissection[2]. PAUs often occur in elderly patients with extensive comorbidities, severe atherosclerosis, and a high incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (42.1%)[3]
[6]. Elefteriades’ group showed that symptomatic PAUs must be treated emergently, as the PAU reaches the adventitia and rupture is expected[3]
[7]
[8]; the rupture rate of symptomatic PAUs is as high as 38%[3]. As with acute aortic dissection, PAU is classified according to the aortic site affected; type A PAU involves the ascending aorta, and type B involves the descending thoracic aorta[9]. Type B PAU progression, persistent pain despite medical therapy, increasing pleural effusion, and coexistence of intramural hematoma are indications for repair[8]
[9]. In this case, the patient had persistent chest pain despite β-blockade and pain treatment as well as an intramural hematoma, mandating treatment to prevent rupture. As type B PAUs are frequently localized, open surgical repair shows excellent results[3]
[8] and is considered the gold standard treatment. However, endovascular repair offers a less invasive approach in high-risk patients, showing good perioperative results with low 30-day mortality (4.8–7%)[10].
IIAs are frequently asymptomatic and not easily detected due to their deep pelvic location; accordingly, they are frequently repaired electively. In this case, the IIA was above established treatment thresholds[4]
[5]. Cambria et al. reported a series of 18 patients with spontaneous aortic dissection in the presence of coexistent or previously repaired aneurysms and showed that concomitant aortic pathologies increase the risk of aortic rupture in both proximal and distal aortic segments[11]. Chaer et al. reported a more contemporary series of synchronous and metachronous thoracic aneurysms in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms and confirmed the high incidence of rupture with associated mortality in both abdominal and thoracic locations[12]. We believe that predisposing factors for acute aortic syndromes and degenerative aneurysms may overlap, increasing the risk of concomitant presenting entities. Accordingly, as the iliac artery is a first-order aortic branch, the rupture risk of the IIA in our patient was likely higher than that of an IIA without a thoracic aortic lesion, leading us to treat both the PAU and IIA in single-stage manner. Over the past decade, endovascular repair for IIAs has been established to be safe and effective in patients with appropriate anatomy, especially in the common iliac artery[5]. The different locations of the two entities in this patient (i.e., chest and pelvis) suggests that an endovascular approach may be preferable to the surgical trauma of two open procedures; in addition, this patient’s left IIA was patent, minimizing the risk of pelvic ischemia and buttock claudication after coil embolization of the right IIA.
In summary, a symptomatic PAU associated with an asymptomatic IIA are synchronous aortoiliac lesions associated with a high risk of rupture of either lesion but can be treated in a single-stage manner using an endovascular approach. Despite lack of endoleak, continued surveillance is important, although the frequency of surveillance is not well established[10]
[13]. In addition, patients with IIA frequently develop multiple aneurysms, suggesting that surveillance and screening remains a life-long concern.
