Yearbook of Medical Informatics, Table of Contents Yearb Med Inform 2014; 23(01): 235-243DOI: 10.15265/IY-2014-0028 Original Article Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart The History of the AutoChemist®: From Vision to Reality H. E. Peterson 1 Stockholm, Sweden , I. Jungner 1 Stockholm, Sweden › Author Affiliations Recommend Article Abstract Full Text PDF Download Keywords KeywordsHistory of medical informatics - high capacity clinical analyser system - discrete sample technology - medical information technology - large scale laboratory automation - mass analysis equipment for health screening. References References 1 Schmidt RM. George Zur Williams – biographical description. Symposium in Honor of George Z. Williams. Methods Inf Med 1993; Apr 32 (Suppl. 03) 242-4. 2 Williams GZ. The use of data processing and automation in clinical pathology. Mil Med 1964; 129: 502-9. 3 Sobota JT, Brewer D, Cummings ME, Feld BSM, Williams GZ. A data processing system for hematology. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists, Bal Harbour, Florida, October 21 1964 4 Williams GZ. Research today is routine tomorrow. Ala J Med Sci 1965; 2: 319-22. 5 Williams GZ. Automation in Clinical Laboratories. In: Dickson III JF, Brown JHU. editors. Future Goals of Engineering in Biology and Medicine. Proceedings of an International Conference. Washington, D.C., September 1967. New York, London: Academic Press; 1969. p. 222-6. 6 Peacock AC, Bunting SL, Brewer D, Cotlove E, Williams GZ. A data processing system for clinical chemistry. Biomed Sci Instr 1963; 1: 33-8. 7 Peacock AC, Bunting SL, Brewer D, Cotlove E, Williams GZ. Data processing in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem 1965; 11: 595-611. 8 Hospital Computer Project.. A Joint Research Effort of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Principal Investigator Jordan J Baruch. Memorandum Number Six-D. Information Storage and Retrieval System Status Report. Sep.1, 1967 9 The four references below [10-13] are published in Proceedings on Automated-Data Processing in Hospitals, Elsinore, Denmark April-May 1966. Of the totally 41 invited speakers 21 were from USA, 7 from France, 6 from Sweden, 2 from Great Britain and The Netherlands, 1 from Germany, Poland, Japan, Puerto Rico and Norway together with 7 from the host country Denmark. 10 Kirkham WR, Cotlove E, Williams GZ, Allen SI. Automation of Hospital Laboratory Services as part of a Modular Approach to Hospital Automation and Data Processing, p. 255-66. 11 Baruch JJ. Medical Time-Sharing System. p. 180-89. 12 Jungner G. Data Processing in the Clinical Laboratory. p. 235-51. 13 Jungner G. Health Screening. p. 48-71. 14 Jungner G, Jungner I. Chemical Health Screening. In: Sharp CLEH, Keen H. editors. Presymptomatic Detection and Early Diagnosis: A Critical Appraisal. London: Pitman Medical Publishing Co. Ltd.; 1968. p. 67-108. 15 Jungner I. “Berättelse om AutoChemisten”. Etapp 3:2. Apparatsystem för automatisk blodanalys med ett fast analysprogram för kemisk hälsokontroll – Värmlandsapparaturen; 2005. [A system for automatic blood analyses with a fixed program for health control – the Värmland apparatus (Chapter 2 in the article ”The story about the AutoChemist”)]. www.tekniskamuseet.se Available only in Swedish). 16 The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare: Report by G Jungner to the 14th Session of the Regional Committee for Europe of the WHO, Prague, September 22-26, 1964. Health Screening Project in Värmland – A pilot study on Mass Screening with Application of a Chemical Test Battery. www.tekniskamuseet.se 17 Jungner I. Hälsokontroll (IV): Erfarenheter från Värmlandsundersökningen [Experiences from the Värmland study.] In: Health Screening (IV). Läkartidningen 1966; 63: 2602-08. (Available only in Swedish). 18 National Board for Health and Welfare, Stockholm: The Värmland Survey.. No.23. Stockholm: 1971 19 Engel A. Mass Screening for Asymptomatic Disease as a Public Health Measure. In: Perspectives in Health Planning. University of London, The Athlone Press; 1968. p. 47-69 20 Engel A, Malmström G. The Värmland trial, a mass health screening project. Acta Sociomed Scand 1969; 2: 61-8. 21 Jungner G, Jungner I. Försöksverksamhet för prövning av sjukhusautomation. I. Grunddragen i Epidemisjukhusprojektet. [Inquiry into hospital automation. 1. Fundamental features of the so-called Infectious Disease Hospital project] Sjukhuset 1965; 42 (Suppl. 04) 81-7. (Available only in Swedish). 22 Jungner G, Jungner I. Försöksverksamhet för prövning av sjukhusautomation. II. Om de tekniska hjälpmedlen för den automatiserade laboratorieverksamheten i Epidemisjukhusprojektet. [Inquiry into hospital automation II. The technical set up for the test at the Hospital for Infectious Diseases.] Sjukhuset 1965; 42 (Suppl. 06) 172-80. (Available only in Swedish). 23 Jungner G, Jungner I, Peterson H. Rapport till SJURA över projekt 404, Epidemisjukhus-projektet. Om sjukhusautomation. Försöksverksamhet utgående från centraliserad laboratorie-automation [About hospital automation. Research emanated from centralized laboratory automation. SJURA report no. 404, the so-called Infectious Disease Hospital Project]; 1967 (Available only in Swedish). 24 Peterson HE, Lundin P. Documenting the use of computers in Swedish health care up to 1980. Yearb Med Inform 2011; 169-74. 25 Peterson H. The PDP-8´s role in the AutoChemist system. The Digital Equipment Computer Users Society, Spring Symposium, Boston Mass., May 23-25 1966 p. 15-20. www.tekniskamuseet.se 26 Ohlsén L, Jungner I, Peterson HE. The History of the data system AutoChemist® (ACH) and AutoChemist-PRISMA (PRISMA®): from 1964 to 1986. Yearb Med Inform 2014; 244-54. 27 Jungner I, Jungner G. The AutoChemist as a laboratory screening instrument. In: Benson ES, Strandjord P. Multiple Laboratory Screening. New York: Academic Press; 1969. p. 71-86. 28 Jungner G. Automation in Clinical Laboratories. II. In: Dickson III JF, Brown JHU. Future Goals of Engineering in Biology and Medicine. Proceedings of an International Conference, held in Washington, D.C., September 1967. New York and London: Academic Press; 1969. p. 227-31. 29 Jungner G. Multiphasic Laboratory Screening by Multi-Channel Automated Equipment. In: Early Disease Detection. Miami, Florida: Halos & Associates, Medical Book Division.; 1970. p. 4-11. 30 Jungner G. The AutoChemist´s Performance. In: Berkley C. editor. Proceedings of an International Conference on Engineering in Medicine-Automated Multiphasic Health Testing (AMHT) held in Davos, Switzerland, September 14-18, 1970. New York City, NY, USA: Engineering Foundation; 1971. p. 116-23. 31 Jungner G. Guidelines for AMHT Facilities, ibid. 247-51. 32 Jungner G. Choice of biochemical profile tests, ibid. 369-81. 33 Jungner I. ”Berättelse om AutoChemisten” [The story about the AutoChemist ]; 2005. www.tekniskamuseet.se (Available only in Swedish). 34 Jungner I. The AutoChemist – the first on-line computerized analyzer for mass-analysis and multiple screening. The History Division of AACC Vol 19. 03 2011 35 Jungner G, Jungner I. A push-button starting analytical robot. Digest of the 7th Int. Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering Stockholm: August 15, 1967 p. 190. 36 Jungner G, Jungner I. Interpretation of data obtained in laboratory screening programs. In: Benson ES, Strandjord P. editors. Multiple Laboratory Screening. New York: Academic Press; 1969: 257-91. 37 Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation. Public Health Paper No. 34; 1968 38 Wilding P. BUPA Medical Centre.. Experience in the use of the AGA AutoChemist. 11 Congresse Nationale di Biochimica Clinica, Padova, Italy, May 25-27; 1972 39 Wilding P. The Role of the Automated Laboratory within a Multiphasic Health Screening Center. Med Progr Technol 1972; 1 (Suppl. 01) 45-51. 40 Wilding P, Rollason JG, Robinson D. Patterns of change for various biochemical constituents detected in well population screening. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 41: 375-87. 41 Baily A. Biochemistry of well population. The Lancet 1974; 14: 1436-43. 42 Bokelund H. A Review of the AutoChemist System in a Hospital Environment. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 1974; 140: 9-26. 43 Valdiguié P, de la Farge F, Solera M-L. Utilisation hospitalière d’un AutoChemist Bilan des six premiers mois. [The Hospital use of the AutoChemist during the first six months] Organisation des Laboratoires – Biologie Prospective 11e Colloque de Pont-à-Mousson; 1972 p. 237-40. 44 Revolutionary 30 channel testing system.. United Medical Laboratories: UML. NEWS 1969; 1 (Suppl. 01) 5-11. www.tekniskamuseet.se and ICN/United Medical Laboratories – The World´s Largest; 1973. www.tekniskamuseet.se 45 Dexter CV, Larsen M. Centralized Large-Scale Clinical Testing in a Commercial Environment. Proceedings of the IEEE 1969; 57 (Suppl. 11) 1988-95. 46 MetPath Inc., Teterboro, New Jersey, USA.. Annual Report 1975. www.tekniskamuseet.se and Annual Report 1978 www.tekniskamuseet.se and Setting the Pace in Laboratory Services; 1979 www.tekniskamuseet.se 47 Wakabayashi M. [AutoChemist, in Japanese]. Japan J Clin Chem 1972; 1 (Suppl. 03) 300-7 (the journal name in Japanese is: Rinsho kagaku – ISSN-0303-56333) 48 Yamamoto M, Uchida K, Wakabayashi M. Computerized central clinical laboratories in some medical centres. Proc Medis´73, Osaka; 1973; 170-2. 49 Hammar L. PRISMA- Ett IT project I Svensk laboratorieautomation. [PRISMA- A Swedish laboratory automation IT project. A report to the project “From Calculators to IT- lessons from Swedish IT history.] Available only in Swedish at www.historiskamuseet.se 50 AutoChem Instrument AB: A unique system for the automation of clinical chemistry, AutoChemist – PRISMA the first truly flexible multichannel analyzer system; 1975. www.tekniskamuseet.se and PRISMA – The new generation of clinical analysis system Bromma/Sweden: Clinicon; 1983 www.tekniskamuseet.se