Prevalence of obesity among stroke patients in five Brazilian cities: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT

Objective There is gap in knowledge about obesity prevalence in stroke patients from low- and middle-income countries. Therefore, we aimed to measure the prevalence of overweight and obesity status among patients with incident stroke in Brazil.

Methods In a cross-sectional study, we measured the body mass index (BMI) of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. The sample was extracted in 2016, from the cities of Sobral (CE), Sertãozinho (SP), Campo Grande (MS), Joinville (SC) and Canoas (RS).

Results In 1,255 patients with first-ever strokes, 64% (95% CI, 62–67) were overweight and 26% (95%CI, 24–29) were obese. The obesity prevalence ranged from 15% (95%CI, 9–23) in Sobral to 31% (95%CI, 18–45) in Sertãozinho. Physical inactivity ranged from 53% (95%CI, 43-63) in Sobral to 80% (95%CI, 73–85) in Canoas.

Conclusions The number of overweight patients with incident stroke is higher than the number of patients with stroke and normal BMI. Although similar to other findings in high-income countries, we urgently need better policies for obesity prevention.

RESUMO

Objetivo Há uma lacuna de conhecimento sobre a prevalência de obesidade em pacientes com AVC (acidente vascular cerebral) de países de baixa e média renda. Portanto, objetivamos medir a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre pacientes com AVC no Brasil.

Métodos Em um estudo transversal, medimos o índice de massa corporal (IMC) em pacientes com AVC isquêmico e hemorrágico. A amostra foi extraída em 2016, nas cidades de Sobral (CE), Sertãozinho (SP), Campo Grande (MS), Joinville (SC) e Canoas (RS).

Resultados Entre 1255 casos de AVC, 64% (95%CI, 62–67) apresentavam sobrepeso e 26% (95%CI, 24–29) obesidade. A prevalência de obesidade variou de 15% (95%CI, 9–23) em Sobral a 31% (95%CI, 18–45) em Sertãozinho.

Conclusões A quantidade de pacientes com AVC e IMC anormal é maior do que a de pacientes com AVC e IMC normal. Embora esta prevalência seja similar às de países de alta renda, precisamos urgentemente de melhores políticas de prevenção da obesidade. Atividade física deveria ser parte da prescrição médica.

obesity - prevalence - stroke, epidemiology - cross-sectional studies

obesidade - prevalência - acidente vascular cerebral, epidemiologia - estudos transversais

Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with at least 2.8 million people dying each year as a result of being overweight or obese[1]. Once associated with high-income countries, obesity is now also prevalent in low- and middle-income countries[1]. In Brazil, a study by the Ministry of Health in 2011, showed that 48% of the population was either overweight (33%) or obese (15%)[2]. In 2006, these figures were 22.7% and 11.4%[2],[3].

Because obesity is believed to cause a number of established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes, the growing prevalence of obesity is assumed to increase the global cardiovascular disease burden[4]. For instance, in adults, the risk for ischemic stroke increases almost linearly starting at a body mass index (BMI) of ≈20, and adults with a BMI of > 30 kg/m² have about a 70% increased risk for ischemic stroke compared with patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m^2, [5]. As stroke is currently the second largest cause of mortality in Brazil, we aimed to measure the prevalence of overweight and obese patients with incident stroke from five distinct Brazilian macro-regions.

METHODS

Study population

This was a cross-sectional study. We extracted data from the Joinville Stroke Registry, which has data of patients with first-ever stroke, from five Brazilian cities: 1. Sobral (Ceará state/northeast region); 2. Sertãozinho (São Paulo state/southeast region); 3. Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul state/midwest region); 4. Joinville (Santa Catarina state/southern region); 5. Canoas (Rio Grande do Sul state/southern region). We used the 2016 intercensus data from the Ministry of Health[6]. All the cities have hospitals with computed tomography (CT) services available on a 24-hour basis. The data from cities outside Joinville were extracted from an ongoing study sponsored by the Ministry of Health and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (grant 402396/2013-8).

Period of data collection and ascertainment strategy

This study sample was extracted between January and December 2016. Staff in all the cities were trained to follow the “ideal” population-based study according to the World Health Organization steps criteria[7]. These methods have been extensively published elsewhere[8]. In brief, using multiple overlapping sources, we identified all inpatients and outpatients with first-ever stroke. To evaluate hospitalized patients on a daily basis, previously-trained research nurses registered all hospitalized stroke patients confirmed by a neurologist. A neuroradiologist, unaware of the patients’ symptoms, analyzed the brain CT scans and digital angiographies daily. We did not monitor patients potentially at risk (i.e., “hot pursuit”), such as those submitted to aortic, carotid, coronary, or peripheral investigation or intervention.

Baseline data

We ascertained demographic, socioeconomic data, cardiovascular risk factors and stroke severity. Cardiovascular risk factors were: hypertension (a history of treated hypertension or current use of antihypertensive medication); diabetes (a history of diabetes or current treatment for diabetes mellitus); coronary artery disease (history of angina, acute myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization); atrial fibrillation (known previous atrial fibrillation or current treatment for atrial fibrillation); hypercholesterolemia (current treatment for hypercholesterolemia); smoking (current smoker). Stroke severity was measured with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scales for ischemic stroke[9]. Minor events were defined as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scales scores ≤ 3, moderate events as scores from 4–10, and severe events as scores > 10. The physical activity levels were stratified in low, medium, high activity and inactive. The following criteria were used to stratify physical activity levels: 1) Inactive: no physical activities at home or work; without paid labor or recreational physical activities; 2) Low: less than 30 minutes of physical activity per day; sitting job without physical activity; 3) Moderate: sedentary work with 30 minutes to one hour physical activity per day or 30 minutes to one hour of paid labor or recreational physical activity per day; 4) Active: sedentary work with ≥ one hour physical activity per day; heavy manual work[10]. Social class was defined according to the Brazilian Criteria of Economic Classification based on the year 2013 National Household Sample Survey[11].

Diagnostic criteria

We included all patients with a first-ever ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke or “primary” intracerebral hemorrhage, who were residents of each of the five cities. We defined stroke as the presence of signs of sudden focal or global cerebral dysfunction lasting longer than 24 hours without any apparent nonvascular cause[12]. The ischemic stroke patients were classified according to the modified Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria[13]. The stroke investigation routine followed the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cerebrovascular Diseases[14].

Outcomes

We used the World Health Organization criteria for overweight and obesity definitions[15]. The BMI (weight/height[2]) was obtained by nurse interview[16]. We compared the proportion of normal weight, overweight (BMI > 25) and obesity (BMI > 30) among stroke patients from five cities. The prevalence of overweight and obese patients were stratified by age, education, social class, stroke subtype, stroke severity and previous level of physical activity.

Statistical analysis

We performed descriptive statistical analyses to compare baseline characteristics using the Chi-square test, the Student’s t test, or the Mann-Whitney test according to distribution. To compare proportions, we calculated binomial confidence intervals at 95%. This study was approved by the Ethics in Research Committee.

RESULTS

We registered 1,255 first-ever stroke patients from five Brazilian cities. All cities had a medium-size country population, which means between 100,000 to 500,000 inhabitants. The demographic and socioeconomic baseline data are shown in [Table 1]. Except for Joinville city, the human development index was within the national cut-off point. The overall mean age was 66 years old. The proportion of patients with less than four years of education, or who were illiterate, ranged from 23% (95%CI, 17–29) in Canoas to 59% (95%CI, 47–67) in Sobral. The proportion of socio-economically poor patients (class D/E) ranged from 13% (95%CI, 9–19) in Canoas to 48% (95%CI, 38–58) in Sobral.

Table 1 Demographics and socioeconomic data of 1,255 patients with first-ever stroke.

Variable	Campo Grande (n = 372)	Canoas (n = 205)	Joinville (n = 505)	Sertãozinho (n = 66)	Sobral (n = 107)	All (n = 1,255)
Demographics
City population	863,982	342,634	569,545	121,412	203,682	2,101,255
HDI (2010)	0.784	0.750	0.809	0.761	0.714	0.754*
Age (SD)	65.6 (14.7)	64.5 (13.6)	65.6 (14)	65.7 (16.5)	65.5 (16)	73.1 (16.1)
Men (%)	185 (49.7)	104 (50.7)	270 (53.4)	33 (50)	55 (51.4)	647 (51.5)
Education (years)
≤ 4	148 (40.1)[5]	47 (23.0)[1]	128 (25.3)	25 (39)[2]	61 (59.2)[3]	408 (32.8)[4]
4–8	142 (38.5)	125 (61.2)	256 (50.8)	27 (42.2)	31 (30.1)	581 (46.7)
9–11	63 (17.1)	28 (13.7)	90 (17.8)	8 (12.5)	9 (8.8)	198 (15.9)
≥ 11	16 (4.3)	4 (2.0)	31 (6.1)	4 (6.3)	2 (1.9)	57 (4.6)
Socio-economic class
A1	0	0	1 (0.2)	0	0	1 (0.1)
A2	4 (1.1)	2 (1.0)	5 (1.0)	2 (3.0)	0	13 (1.0)
B1	7 (1.9)	4 (2.0)	13 (2.6)	3 (4.6)	4 (3.7)	31 (2.5)
B2	59 (15.8)	56 (27.4)	108 (21.4)	21 (31.8)	10 (9.4)	254 (20.2)
C1	88 (23.6)	59 (28.7)	163 (32.3)	17 (25.8)	13 (12.1)	340 (27.2)
C2	128(34.5)	57 (27.8)	126 (24.9)	9 (13.6)	28 (26.2)	348 (27.7)
D	86 (23.1)	26 (12.6)	87 (17.2)	13 (19.7)	48 (44.9)	260 (20.7)
E	0	1 (0.5)	2 (0.4)	1 (1.5)	4 (3.7)	8 (0.6)

Data are number of patients (%) unless otherwise indicated 2016 national intercensus; HDI: human development index. *Brazil HDI; Unavailable in: one patient1; two patients2; four patients3; 10 patients4.

The sample distribution by stroke types, clinical severity and cardiovascular risk factors are shown in [Table 2]. The proportion of hemorrhagic stroke was significantly higher in Sertãozinho city (23%, 95% CI, 13–35; p = 0.001). The most common type of ischemic stroke was undetermined, ranging from 41% (95% CI, 36–45) in Joinville to 65% (95% CI, 57–72) in Canoas. At hospital admission, almost half of the patients arrived with severe strokes in Sertãozinho and Sobral (47%, 95% CI, 35–60 and 47%, 95% CI, 38–56, respectively) as opposed to 20% (95% CI, 16–24) in Joinville. As expected, hypertension was the most common cardiovascular risk factor. Physical inactivity ranged from 53% (95% CI, 43-63) in Sobral to 80% (95% CI, 73–85) in Canoas.

Table 2 Stroke types, cardiovascular risk factors and severity of patients with first-ever stroke.

Variable	Campo Grande (n = 372)	Canoas (n = 205)	Joinville (n = 505)	Sertãozinho (n = 66)	Sobral (n = 107)	All (n = 1,255)
Stroke types
Hemorrhagic stroke	53 (14.2)	29 (14.1)	44 (8.7)	15 (22.7)	19 (17.8)	160 (12.7)
Ischemic stroke	308 (85.8)	176 (85.8)	461 (91.3)	51 (77.3)	88 (82.2)	1,084 (86.3)
Small artery occlusion	40 (13)	21 (12.0)	87 (18.8)	5 (9.8)	24 (27.3)	177 (16.3)
Large artery occlusion	16 (5.2)	23 (13.0)	77 (16.7)	5 (9.8)	15 (17.0)	136 (12.6)
Cardioembolic	34 (11)	18 (10.3)	110 (23.8)	7 (13.7)	8 (9.1)	177 (16.3)
Undetermined	218 (70.8)	114 (64.7)	187 (40.5)	34 (66.7)	41(46.6)	594 (54.8)
National Institute of Health Stroke Scale
0-3	123 (33.1)	93 (45.3)	246 (48.7)	12 (18.7)[1]	23 (22.8)[2]	497 (39.9)[3]
4–10	97 (26.1)	40 (19.5)	159 (31.5)	21 (32.8)	27 (26.7)	344 (27.6)
> 10	152 (40.8)	72 (35.2)	100 (19.8)	31 (48.5)	51 (50.5)	406 (32.5)
Risk factors
Hypertension	269 (72.3)	137 (66.8)	341 (67.5)	39 (59.0)	65 (60.7)	851 (67.8)
Diabetes	103 (27.7)	49 (23.9)	142 (28.1)	17 (25.7)	17 (15.9)	328 (26.1)
Dyslipidemia	UN	60 (29.2)	146 (28.9)	8 (12.1)	21 (19.6)	235 (18.7)
Atrial fibrillation	9 (2.4)	1 (0.4)	46 (9.1)	5 (7.6)	0	61 (4.8)
Myocardial infarction	16 (4.3)	11 (5.3)	36 (7.1)	5 (7.6)	3 (2.8)	71 (5.6)
Smoking	56 (15)	68 (33.1)	109 (21.6)	13 (19.7)	25 (23.3)	271 (21.6)
Physical activity
Inactive	248 (66.7)	163 (79.5)	353 (69.9)	43 (65.2)	57 (53.3)	864 (68.8)
Low activity	89 (23.9)	35 (17.1)	110 (21.8)	9 (13.6)	40 (37.4)	283 (22.6)
Medium	21 (5.7)	6 (2.9)	35 (6.9)	9 (13.6)	6 (5.6)	77 (6.1)
High activity	14 (3.7)	1 (0.5)	7 (1.4)	5 (7.6)	4 (3.7)	21 (2.5)

Data are number of patients (%) unless otherwise indicated; National Institute of Health stroke scale only for ischemic strokes: Unavailable in: 2 patients1; 6 patients2; 8 patients3; 9 patients4; 68 patients5; 7 patients6; 2 patients7; one patients8; 17 patients9; 94 patients10

From 1,255 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, 64% (95%CI, 62–67) were overweight and 26% (95%CI, 24–29) were obese ([Tables 3] and [4]). More than double the overweight and obese patients were between 55 and 74 years old. In patients with less than eight years of education, the prevalence of being overweight was 78% (95%CI, 75–81) and the prevalence of obesity was 69% (95%CI, 63–74). Despite social class C having more overweight patients than patients with a normal BMI [(56% (95%CI, 53–60) vs 52% (95%CI, 48–57)], this difference was not significant (OR 1.17, 95%CI, 0.9-1.5). This difference was also not significant when we compared obese patients [(58% (95%CI, 52–63) with patients with normal BMI (OR 1.2, 95%CI, 0.9–1.7). As expected, comparing patients with normal weight versus overweight patients who were both physically inactive, those who were overweight had a 40% higher risk of stroke (OR 1.4, 95%CI, 1.09–1.8), reaching 75% higher odds of risk when compared with obese patients (OR 1.75, 95%CI, 1.27–2.42).

Table 3 Prevalence of overweight and obesity status in stroke patients stratified by cities.

Variable	Campo Grande (n = 372)	Canoas (n = 205)	Joinville (n = 505)	Sertãozinho (n = 66)	Sobral (n = 107)	All (n = 1,255)
Overweight	250 (67,2)	141 (68,8)	323 (63.9)	33 (63.4)	60 (56.1)	807 (65.1)
Obesity	90 (24,2)	59 (28,8)	145 (28.8)	16 (30.7)	16 (15)	326 (26.3)

Data are number of patients (%) unless otherwise indicated.

Table 4 Normal BMI, overweight and obesity prevalence stratified by age, education, social class, stroke type and severity and physical activity of patients with stroke.

Variable	BMI < 25 (n = 432)	BMI ≥ 25 (n = 807)	BMI ≥ 30 (n = 326)
Age (years)[1]
< 15	1 (0,2)	0	0
15–34	19 (4,4)	18 (2,2)	7 (2,1)
35–54	62 (14,4)	164 (20,3)	80 (24,6)
55–74	199 (46,1)	422 (52,4)	168 (51,5)
75–94	144 (33,3)	202 (25,0)	71 (21,8)
> 94	7 (1,6)	1 (0,1)	0
All	432 (34,9)	807 (65,1)	326 (26,3)
Education (years)[2]
< 4	149 (34,9)[6]	253 (31,5)[5]	88 (27,2)[3]
4–8	197 (46,0)	376 (46,9)	163 (50,5)
9–11	61 (14,2)	137 (17,1)	59 (18,3)
> 11	21 (4,9)	36 (4,5)	13 (4,0)
Social class[3]
A1	0	1 (0,1)	0
A2	5 (1,1)	8 (1,0)	3 (0,9)
B1	13 (3,0)	17 (2,1)	5 (1,5)
B2	73 (16,9)	178 (22,1)	82 (25,2)
C1	98 (22,8)	238 (29,5)	98 (30,1)
C2	128 (29,7)	217 (26,9)	90 (27,6)
D	110 (25,4)	146 (18,1)	48 (14,7)
E	5 (1,1)	2 (0,2)	0
Stroke type[4]
Ischemic	366 (84,7)	706 (87,5)	285 (87,4)
Small artery occlusion	64 (17,5)	113 (16,0)	46 (16,1)
Cardioembolic	62 (16,9)	114 (16,1)	53 (18,6)
Large artery occlusion	61 (16,7)	74 (10,5)	29 (10,2)
Undetermined	179 (48,9)	405 (57,4)	157 (55,1)
Hemorrhagic	66 (15,3)	101 (12,5)	41 (12,6)
National Institute of Health stroke scale[5]
< 4	162 (37,9)[5]	334 (41,5)[3]	128 (39,6)[3]
4–10	109 (25,6)	229 (28,5)	109 (33,7)
> 10	156 (36,5)	241 (30)	86 (26,7)
Physical activity[6]
Inactive	275 (63,6)	574 (71,2)	246 (75,5)
Low	119 (27,6)	164 (20,3)	58 (17,8)
Medium	24 (5,6)	52 (6,4)	17 (5,2)
High	14 (3,2)	17 (2,1)	5 (1,5)

BMI: body mass index; Data are number of patients (%) unless otherwise indicated BMI: body mass index. Unavailable in: 16 patients1; 22 patients2; 3 patients3; 2 patients4; 5 patients5; 4 patients6; Social class according to the Research Companies Brazilian Association.

DISCUSSION

In this cross-sectional study, with 1,255 patients from five distinct Brazilian macro-regions, we found that the number of overweight patients with first-ever stroke were greater than the number with a normal BMI and stroke. Most of the former had less than eight years of education, belonged to social class C and were significantly more physically inactive.

Obesity is a worldwide pandemic[1],[17],[18]. In 2010, the Global Burden of Disease Study reported that being overweight or obese was estimated to cause 3.4 million deaths, 3.9% of years of life lost, and 3.8% of disability-adjusted life-years worldwide[19]. According with this study, 7% of Brazilian men and 21% of women were obese in 2013[19].

As expected, these findings have an impact on the stroke burden. A recent survey compared 362,339 stroke hospitalizations in 2003–2004 to 421,815 hospitalizations in 2011–2012 in the EUA, and found an absolute increase from 4% to 9% in the prevalence of obesity in among adults aged 18-64 years[20]. In a previous population-based study conducted in Joinville, we found that 16% (95%CI 14–19) of 601 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke were obese in the 2005-2006 period. Six years later, (2012–2013 period), the obesity prevalence of 786 ischemic stroke patients jumped significantly to 23% (95%CI, 20–27)[8]. This proportion is similar to our finding of 26% (95%CI, 24–29) in this study from five Brazilian cities. [Table 5] shows the prevalence of patients with stroke being overweight or obese, from different countries and periods[21],[22],[23],[24],[25],[26],[27]. Our findings were similar to a Finland cohort[22] but higher than those from Germany and China[23],[24],[25],[26],[27].

Table 5 Prevalence of overweight and obesity status among cohorts of stroke patients from 1951 to 2016.

Study	Year	Sample	Overweight prevalence	Obesity prevalence
Aparicio et al, USA[21]	1951–2011	782	68.5 (65.1–71.8)	24.3 (21.3–27.5)
Hu et al, Finland [22]	1972–2004	3,228	68.9 (67.3–70.5)	24.6 (23.1–26.1)
Wang et al, China[24]	1987–1998	1,108	32.4 (29.6–35.2)	4.7 (3.6–6.2)
Mitchell et al, EUA[25]	1992–2008	1,201	70.7 (68.1–75.9)	39.5 (36.7–42.3)
Park et al, USA/CA/SCO[26]	1997–2001	852	73 (69.9–75.9)	31.6 (28.5–34.8)
TEMPiS, Germany[27]	2003–2005	1,521	58 (55.5–60.5)	19.4 (17.4–21.5)
Joinville, Brazil[8]	2005–2006	610	––––	16.2 (13.4–15.4)
Kailuan, China[28]	2006–2007	1,547	55.7 (53.2–58.2)	9.9 (8.5–11.5)
Joinville, Brazil[8]	2012–2013	786	––––	23.4 (20.5–26.5)
5 Brazilian cities	2016	1,255	64.3 (61.6–66.9)	25.9 (23.9–28.5)

The causality between obesity and stroke is debatable[18],[19],[20]. A meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies reported that risk of ischemic stroke was 22% in patients who were overweight and 64% among those who were obese. For “primary” intracerebral hemorrhage, the risk was not significant[28]. Nevertheless, other studies have shown that the association with obesity was substantially attenuated after the control of hypertension and diabetes variables for obesity[24].

This is study has some limitations. As a cross-sectional analysis, we cannot assess the causality of the associations. The BMI data were obtained by nurse interview and have the possibility of information bias. Unfortunately, abdominal circumference measurement and diet habits were not extracted. The strengths include the large sample extracted from a prospective, population-based study, which showed, to the best of our knowledge, a prevalence of higher BMI among stroke patients from a large middle-income country.

In conclusion, we found that the number of patients who were overweight and had a stroke was greater than the number of patients with stroke and normal BMI. Furthermore, by extracting data from cities from northeast, southeast and southern Brazil, our findings endorse that we need strong educational campaigns focusing on prevention of this condition.

Conflict of interest:

There is no conflict of interest to declare.

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Publication History

Received: 29 September 2017

Accepted: 03 March 2018

Article published online:
25 August 2023