Keywords
Parkinson disease - hearing perception - hearing
Palavras-chave
doença de Parkinson - percepção auditiva - audição
Introduction
Parkinson disease (PD) is a degenerating disease with a deceitful character, impairing
the central nervous system (CNS) and causing biological, psychological and social
changes, presenting motor signs and symptoms characterized by trembling, rigidity
and bradykinesia. Additionally, other difficulties in concentration, learning, memory,
understanding, dysarthria and dysphagia can occur[1]. Although without the same clinical importance, non-motor signs can occur, as follows:
depression, sleep disorders and cognitive alterations. In more advanced stages, the
impairment on sound articulation can be such that PD oral communication can be greatly
affected[1].
It is known that peripheral hearing involves an amplification and a conduction of
the sound waves, as well as the perception of sound vibrations that are converted
into nerve impulses. Central hearing involves the conduction of the nerve impulses
by the auditory pathways towards the auditory cortex, where they will be codified
and re-codified, achieving a linguistic meaning[2].
The effects caused by degenerating processes can involve both the inner ear and CNS[3]. Alteration of the hearing process (HP) can occur as a result of the changes directly
impacting the brain mechanism[2].
According to the definition proposed by the American Speech Hearing and Language Association
(ASHA)[4], HP is comprised of mechanisms and processes of the auditory system responsible
for several behavioral phenomena, including speech and language, having a neurophysiological
and functional association. Accordingly, it is necessary that the acoustic sign is
analyzed and interpreted in order to be converted into a meaningful message[5].
The brain is responsible for processing the speech, which starts in cochlea, where
the mechanical activity is turned into nerve impulses. The hearing activity, in the
physiological meaning consists of three factors: peripheral activity, central auditory
activity and CNS processes. When one of these factors is broken, it results in a deficit
in the speech recognition ability. The sound perception occurs by the central activity
and the sound sensation is originated by the peripheral activities. All these analyses
and interpretations are integral parts of HP. While the peripheral auditory system
receives and analyzes the hearing stimuli of the environment, the central auditory
system and the brain analyze the internal representations of these acoustic stimuli,
and a response is programmed by the individual[6]. Accordingly, it is necessary that the abilities of detection, sensation, discrimination,
localization, recognition, understanding, attention and memory involving the HP, will
function.
Auditory memory is a process that allows acoustic information to be obtained, stored
and archived. This ability found in the HP development is often changed in the Parkinson
patient, due to using some drugs such as levodopa, which is widely used and can result
in memory disorders and, in more severe cases, cause mental confusion and hallucinations[7].
The Staggered Spondaic Word Test (SSW) translated into Portuguese as dichotic test
of alternate disyllables measures the hearing integrity in the central level, identifies
the impairment of both the encephalic trunk of right and left hemispheres and the
inter- and intra-hemispheric connections. The dichotic technique uses different acoustic
stimuli in both ears simultaneously, with the intention of evaluating the hearing
abilities for binaural separation and integration[8]
[9].
The diagnosis for a central hearing processing disorder (CHP) is characterized by
a difficulty as a result of an impairment of the hearing abilities and it must be
considered a hearing disorder. This diagnosis allows the phonoaudiological rehabilitation
process to be changed by training the hearing so that a more effective therapeutics
can be achieved[9].
Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the central hearing function
in PD patients.
Method
This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee's Resolution No. 008/2005
and authorized by the patients after signing a Term of Free and Clarified Agreement.
The casuistics was composed by 20 individuals in both sexes, divided into two groups:10
individuals were diagnosed of PD according to Queen Square Brain Bank's criteria used by the Paranaense Association of Parkinsonism Patients (PAPP) called
study group (SG) and 10 normal individuals - control group (CG). The average age in
both groups was 63.8 and (± SD) 5.96. Both groups were evaluated in the Audiology
Laboratory of an Educational Institution in the city of Curitiba / PR.
To create the CG, individuals over 60 years of age with a normal hearing for their
age, as ruled by ISO-7029[10], a preserved cognition, and no inner ear pathology, and individuals with an otological
alteration or other abnormalities making examinations unfeasible were excluded.
Firstly, all the individuals were submitted to an anamnesis, otorhinolaryngological
and regular audiological evaluations, comprised of a pure-tone threshold audiometer,
speech recognition threshold, percentage rate of speech recognition, and immittance
audiometry. The audiological evaluation was performed in an acoustic booth with an
Interacoustics AC-40 audiometer and a TDH 39P ANSI-69-calibrated phone. To perform
the immittance audiometry, Interacoustics AZ-26 iimpedanciometer and TDH 39P phones
were used.
Secondly, both groups were submitted to the HP in which the SSW test was performed.
The SSW was proposed by Katz
[8] and customized into the Brazilian Portuguese by Borges
[11]. The individuals were told to carefully listen to a sequential four-word group and
repeat them in their order of appearance, in a total of forty four-word groups. Each
word is received through each ear with a partial superposition, i.e., the second syllable
of the first word and the first syllable of the last word are simultaneously received
through both ears. The test makes it possible to perform a quantitative and qualitative
analysis of the CNS function[5]
[11]
[12].
In the quantitative analysis, errors were analyzed regarding each condition of each
ear separately and the percentage of right answers was computed, identifying the severity
degree of the alteration based on this percentage. The number of right answers equal
to or above 90% was considered regular, under the conditions of this research - competitive
right-ear (CR): the word is received through the right ear with a simultaneous competition
in the left ear, and competitive left-ear (CL): the word is received through the left
ear with a simultaneous competition in the right ear.
In the qualitative analysis, the tendencies of found responses were analyzed, such
as: order effect (OE) - make more mistakes in the two first spondaic words or in the
last two of the test items; auditory effect (AE) - make more mistakes when the test
is started through either the right or the left ear; A-type - when there is a great
number of mistakes on the same column and, eventually, inversions - when the words
of an item are repeated under no order.
The evaluations were performed in a single session lasting around 45 minutes.
The results were analyzed in conformity with the same criteria ad those of the original
tests converted by Borges[11].
Statistical method
The obtained results were typed on an EXCEL spreadsheet and analyzed by the statistical
tests of Statistica software. Fisher and Mann-Whitney tests were used by taking p < 0,05
as significant values.
Results
The results of the audiological evaluation, as ruled by ISO 7029[10] in the SG, were: 60% of the patients showed standard hearing thresholds bilaterally
and 40% showed a slight sensorineural hearing loss with a descending configuration
bilaterally.
The CG showed a higher standard rate during competitive right-ear (CR) (80%) and competitive
left-ear (CL) (60%), and slight alterations CR (20%) and CL (40%). The SG had alterations
ranging from slight to severe CR (30%) and CL (60%) and 70% standard level on CR and
40% on CL.
The [Graphics 1] and [2] presented the alteration degree that the CG and SG had, respectively, obtained in
the evaluated conditions: CR and CL in the SSW test. When comparing the results of
the SSW test under these conditions with the Mann-Whitney test, it was observed that
there was no significant difference, the CR condition resulted in p = 0,5228 and the
CL resulted in p = 0,1903.
Graphic 1. Results achieved in RC and LC conditions at SSW test in the CG. - CR = competitive
right-ear; CL = competitive left-ear; SSW = Staggered Spondaic Word Test; CG = control
group.
Graphic 2. Results achieved in RC and LC conditions at SSW test in the GE. - CR = competitive
right-ear; CL = competitive left-ear; SSW = Staggered Spondaic Word Test; SG = study
group.
As regards the tendencies of responses, the highest percentage was evident in the
SG, according to [Graphic 3]. When comparing SG and CG, it was observed in the Fisher Test that there was no
significant difference, AE resulted in p = 0,6285 and OE resulted in = 0,3698, and
the A-type standard A resulted in p = 0,3498.
Graphic 3. Results achieved in the tendencies of response to SSW test in both SG and CG - SSW = Staggered
Spondaic Word Test; SG = study group; CG = control group; AE = auditory effect; OE = order
effect.
Discussion
With respect to the alteration degree in the SSW test, between the two evaluated groups,
the worst results were observed in the SG, although there was no significant difference.
This alteration can be associated with aging, for proper physiological modifications
derived from pathological processes responsible for the clinical presentation of several
of diseases occur in this life stage[13], a noticeable of which is presbycusis. The degenerating effects of aging can involve
both the inner ear and CNS[14]. Besides presbycusis, a HP alteration can also occur as a result of the metabolic
changes and, regarding the age factor, those directly affecting the cerebral mechanism[15].
Studies[14]
[15] define presbycusis as caused by a wide range of extrinsic and intrinsic negative
factors impacting the auditory system. It is clinically approached as an ordinary
type of hearing loss provoked by a cochlear degeneration that mainly affects the basal
part of the cochlea, impairing the hearing perception at high frequencies. Diveyi and Haupt
[16] mentions that the sensorineural-type hearing loss cannot be considered the factor
determining the HP alterations, however, they can become aggravating. According to
the authors[17], the aging effects can involve both the peripheral part and the hearing central
part and, when the age factor is directly associated with the peripheral hearing loss,
it can be making the dichotic hearing even more difficult. In other studies[18], the authors mention that adults above 50 years of age need a higher sign/noise
relation to recognize a sentence in noise and in silence, and age can be a factor
that interferes with speech recognition when peripheral hearing is normal.
In both groups, the highest standard percentage in the SSW test occurred on CR. Rosa
[19] evaluated three groups of 50-83-year-old individuals subdivided as follows: with
a normal hearing for their age and with a hearing loss by using the SSW test. The
author found that the right ear presented an advantage of statistically significant
right answers in all the evaluated groups. These findings show that there is a difficulty
in processing verbal information on the left ear, proving that there is an inefficiency
of the inter-hemispheric hearing pathways[20]. For the authors[21], the CL deficit occurs when there is an impairment in the corpus callosum. Not all
CNS parts can be identified by the SSW test. The areas that are usually not identifiable
are called silent areas. These areas involve the visual cortex (occipital lobe) and
the parietal posterior-superior area.
In the quantitative analysis, the evident alterations in the SSW test demonstrated
a difficulty in the ability of figure and depth and in bineural integration, i.e.,
the patient has some difficulty in receiving information in both ears and unifying
them into a percentile event. This difficulty can occur in pathologies involving the
encephalic trunk and its connections. For the authors[22], the CNS structures responsible for this ability are the olivary complex, which
receives fibers from both ears and the auditory cortex, which uses intensity differences
and arrival time of the sound to make sure where the sound comes from.
In the qualitative analysis, there was a higher number of alterations in the tendencies
of responses in the SG than in the CG, although this difference was not significant.
A great number of alteration was observed in the SG on high-low (83,33%), what explains
the difficulty of the auditory memory in maintaining a received stimulus and properly
organizing its emission[23]. HP disorder is a specific dysfunction of the hearing processes, but it can also
be associated with both memory and attention deficits. The worst performance in the
SG's dichotic hearing can be related to an association between the peripheral and
central factors. Memory, one of the HP abilities, according to the verified literature[7], is frequently changed because of some drugs that are used.
The OE can also be divided into high-low effect – when there is a higher number of
mistakes when the stimuli start through the right ear and low-high – when there is
a higher number of mistakes when the stimuli start through the left ear. According
to the authors[21], high-low OE is associated with the impairment of the posterior temporal lobe and
the auditory cortex.
In the performed statistical tests (Fisher e Mann-Whitney), no significant difference
was found between both groups, probably due to the small casuistics, but a qualitative
difference can be observed between the groups.
When trying to minimize the altered hearing abilities, some procedures are proposed,
such as hearing training (HT)[24]. HT is a group of strategies used to develop or rehabilitate the hearing abilities,
which are necessary to understand speech. HT is a widespread technique that intervenes
in individuals with HP disorders, in order to enhance the auditory system function
to resolve acoustic signs based on the neuronal plasticity[24]
[25].
The information of the audiological evaluation (peripheral and central) are important
to identify the functional deficits that will contribute to the procedures to be taken
when performing the audiological rehabilitation/capacity on these patients.
Conclusion
A qualitative and quantitative difference was observed in SSW test between the evaluated
groups, although statistical data does not show significant differences. The importance
to evaluate the central hearing process is emphasized when contributing to the procedures
to be taken at the therapeutic follow-up.
