Download PDF
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30(01): 8-14
DOI: 10.3415/VCOT-16-03-0045
Original Research
Schattauer GmbH

Computed tomography and radio-graphic assessment of congruity between the ulnar trochlear notch and humeral trochlea in large breed dogs

Sofia Alves-Pimenta
1   Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
2   CITAB – Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
,
Mário M. Ginja
2   CITAB – Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
3   Department of Veterinary Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
,
Armando M. Fernandes
4   INOV – INESC Inovação, Lisbon, Portugal
,
António J. Ferreira
5   Clinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
,
Pedro Melo-Pinto
2   CITAB – Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
6   Department of Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
,
Bruno Colaço
1   Department of Animal Science, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
2   CITAB – Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
› Author Affiliations
Financial support This work is supported by: European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/POCI– Operational Competitiveness and Internationalization Program, under Project POCI-01–0145-FEDER-006958 and National Funds by FCT – Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, under the project UID/AGR/04033.
Further Information

Correspondence to:

Dr. Sofia Alves-Pimenta, MVM
Department of Animal Science
Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro University
5001–801 Vila Real
Portugal
Phone: +351 259 350 403   
Fax: +351 259 350 480   

Publication History

Received: 12 March 2016

Accepted: 27 September 2016

Publication Date:
26 December 2017 (online)

Also available at
 
 PDF Download Permissions and Reprints

Summary

Objective: Assess the fit between the ulnar trochlear notch (UTN) and humeral trochlea (HT) in elbow radiographs and computed tomography (CT) images by measuring the curvature radii in normal joints.

Methods: Mediolateral extended view (MLE) and CT were performed on 16 elbows from cadaveric dogs weighing over 20 kg. Curves were traced at the subchondral level from the UTN central ridge and the HT sagittal groove related to the UTN on ~132° joint extension. Curvature radii were achieved using appropriate computer software.

Results: Intraclass correlation coefficient between MLE/CT measurements were statistically significant, with lower limits of a 95% confidence interval (CI) >0.75. The mean differences between MLE/CT measurements were -0.71 mm (95% CI: -0.97 to -0.45) for UTN and -1.04 mm (95% CI: -1.21 to -0.87) for HT. The UTN and HT curvature radii typology were similar, with maximum radius values at the starting point and two intermediate peaks. The UTN curvature radii were bigger than the HT radii, with the largest differences in the most proximal aspect of the joint and in the second intermediate peak.

Clinical significance: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on humeroulnar congruity through curvature radii evaluation. The software and methodology proposed enabled an adequate UTN and HT radii curvature assessment in MLE and CT images. Comparative studies in normal and dysplastic dogs of various breeds could better clarify the role of UTN and HT curvature radii in elbow incongruity and dysplasia.


#

Keywords

Elbow dysplasia - congruity - medial coronoid process - radiographic anatomy - computed tomography - canine - dog

 


#

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this report.

  • References

  • 1 Lau SF., Hazewinkel HAW., Voorhout G.. Radiographic and computed tomographic assessment of the development of the antebrachia and elbow joints in Labrador Retrievers with and without medial coronoid disease. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28: 186-192.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Coppieters E., Gielen I., Verhoeven G.. et al. Erosion of the medial compartment of the canine elbow: occurrence, diagnosis and currently available treatment options. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28: 9-18.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Coopman F., Broeckx B., Verelst E.. et al. Combined prevalence of inherited skeletal disorders in dog breeds in Belgium. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2014; 27: 395-397.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Skinner OT., Warren-Smith CMR., Burton NJ.. et al. Computed tomographic evaluation of elbow congruity during arthroscopy in a canine cadaveric model. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28: 19-24.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Samoy YCA., De Bakker E., Van Vynckt D.. et al. Arthroscopic treatment of fragmented coronoid process with severe elbow incongruity long-term follow-up in eight Bernese Mountain Dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2013; 26: 27-33.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Burton NJ., Warren-Smith CMR., Roper DP.. et al. CT assessment of the influence of dynamic loading on physiological incongruency of the canine elbow. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54: 291-298.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Preston CA., Schulz KS., Kass PH.. In vitro determination of contact areas in the normal elbow joint of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61: 1315-1321.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Wind AP.. Elbow incongruity and developmental elbow diseases in the dog: part I. J Am Anim Hosp Ass 1986; 22: 711-724.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Dickomeit MJ., Böttcher P., Hecht S.. et al. Topographic and age-dependent distribution of subchondral bone density in the elbow joints of clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72: 491-499.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 De Rycke LM., Gielen IM., van Bree H.. et al. Computed tomography of the elbow joint in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63: 1400-1407.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Eckstein F., Merz B., Schmid P.. et al. The influence of geometry on the stress distribution in joints, a finite element analysis. Anat Embryol 1994; 189: 545-552.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Samoy Y., Gielen I., Saunders J.. et al. Sensitivity and specificity of radiography for detection of elbow incongruity in clinical patients. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 53: 236-244.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Proks P., Necas A., Stehlik L.. et al. Quantification of humeroulnar incongruity in Labrador retrievers with and without medial coronoid disease. Vet Surg 2011; 40: 981-986.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Stein S., Schmoekel HG., Waibl H.. et al. Computerized measurements of radiographic anatomical parameters of the elbow joint in Bernese mountain dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25: 250-261.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Janach KJ., Breit SM., Künzel WWF.. Assessment of the geometry of the cubital (elbow) joint of dogs by the use of magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67: 211-217.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Wolschrijn CF., Kik MJL., Weijs WA.. Cartilage-free areas in the elbow joint of young golden retrievers. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003; 275: 990-996.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Mason DR., Schulz KS., Fujita Y.. et al. In vitro force mapping of normal canine humeroradial and humeroulnar joints. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66: 132-135.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Eljack H., Werner H., Böttcher P.. Sensitivity and specificity of 3D models of the radioulnar joint cup in combination with a sphere fitted to the ulnar trochlear notch for estimation of radioulnar incongruence in vitro. Vet Surg 2013; 42: 365-370.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Alves-Pimenta S., Ginja MM., Colaço J.. et al. Curvature radius measurements from the ulnar trochlear notch in large dogs. Anat Rec 2015; 298: 1748-1753.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Alves-Pimenta S., Ginja MM., Fernandes AM.. et al. Curvature radius measurements from the humeral trochlea in large dogs. Anat Rec 2016; 299: 1012-1014.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 House MR., Marino DJ., Lesser ML.. Effect of limb position on elbow congruity with CT evaluation. Vet Surg 2009; 38: 154-160.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 DeCamp CE., Soutas-Little RW., Hauptman J.. et al. Kinematic gait analysis of the trot in healthy greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54: 627-634.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Collins KE., Cross AR., Lewis DD.. et al. Comparison of the radius of curvature of the ulnar trochlear notch of Rottweilers and Greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 968-973.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Probst A., Modler F., Künzel W.. et al. Demonstration of the articular cartilage of the canine ulnar trochlear notch using high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Vet J 2008; 177: 63-70.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Lee J., Koh D., Ong CN.. Statistical evaluations of agreement between two methods for measuring a quantitative variable. Comput Biol Med 1989; 19: 61-70.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Bland JM., Altman DG.. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1: 307-310.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Samoy Y., Gielen I., Van Caelenberg A.. et al. Computed tomography findings in 32 joints affected with severe elbow incongruity and fragmented medial coronoid process. Vet Surg 2012; 41: 486-494.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Cuddy LC., Lewis DD., Kim SE.. et al. Contact mechanics and three dimensional alignment of normal dog elbows. Vet Surg 2012; 41: 818-828.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Goodrich ZJ., Norby B., Eichelberger BM.. et al. Thoracic limb alignment in healthy Labrador Retrievers: Evaluation of standing versus recumbent frontal plane radiography. Vet Surg 2014; 43: 791-803.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Lorenz ND., Channon S., Pettitt R.. et al. Ex vivo kinematic studies of a canine unlinked semi-constrained hybrid total elbow arthroplasty system. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28: 39-47.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar

Correspondence to:

Dr. Sofia Alves-Pimenta, MVM
Department of Animal Science
Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro University
5001–801 Vila Real
Portugal
Phone: +351 259 350 403   
Fax: +351 259 350 480   

  • References

  • 1 Lau SF., Hazewinkel HAW., Voorhout G.. Radiographic and computed tomographic assessment of the development of the antebrachia and elbow joints in Labrador Retrievers with and without medial coronoid disease. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28: 186-192.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 2 Coppieters E., Gielen I., Verhoeven G.. et al. Erosion of the medial compartment of the canine elbow: occurrence, diagnosis and currently available treatment options. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28: 9-18.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Coopman F., Broeckx B., Verelst E.. et al. Combined prevalence of inherited skeletal disorders in dog breeds in Belgium. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2014; 27: 395-397.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 Skinner OT., Warren-Smith CMR., Burton NJ.. et al. Computed tomographic evaluation of elbow congruity during arthroscopy in a canine cadaveric model. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28: 19-24.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 5 Samoy YCA., De Bakker E., Van Vynckt D.. et al. Arthroscopic treatment of fragmented coronoid process with severe elbow incongruity long-term follow-up in eight Bernese Mountain Dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2013; 26: 27-33.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Burton NJ., Warren-Smith CMR., Roper DP.. et al. CT assessment of the influence of dynamic loading on physiological incongruency of the canine elbow. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54: 291-298.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Preston CA., Schulz KS., Kass PH.. In vitro determination of contact areas in the normal elbow joint of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61: 1315-1321.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 8 Wind AP.. Elbow incongruity and developmental elbow diseases in the dog: part I. J Am Anim Hosp Ass 1986; 22: 711-724.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Dickomeit MJ., Böttcher P., Hecht S.. et al. Topographic and age-dependent distribution of subchondral bone density in the elbow joints of clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72: 491-499.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 De Rycke LM., Gielen IM., van Bree H.. et al. Computed tomography of the elbow joint in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63: 1400-1407.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Eckstein F., Merz B., Schmid P.. et al. The influence of geometry on the stress distribution in joints, a finite element analysis. Anat Embryol 1994; 189: 545-552.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Samoy Y., Gielen I., Saunders J.. et al. Sensitivity and specificity of radiography for detection of elbow incongruity in clinical patients. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 53: 236-244.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Proks P., Necas A., Stehlik L.. et al. Quantification of humeroulnar incongruity in Labrador retrievers with and without medial coronoid disease. Vet Surg 2011; 40: 981-986.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Stein S., Schmoekel HG., Waibl H.. et al. Computerized measurements of radiographic anatomical parameters of the elbow joint in Bernese mountain dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2012; 25: 250-261.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 15 Janach KJ., Breit SM., Künzel WWF.. Assessment of the geometry of the cubital (elbow) joint of dogs by the use of magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67: 211-217.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Wolschrijn CF., Kik MJL., Weijs WA.. Cartilage-free areas in the elbow joint of young golden retrievers. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003; 275: 990-996.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Mason DR., Schulz KS., Fujita Y.. et al. In vitro force mapping of normal canine humeroradial and humeroulnar joints. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66: 132-135.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Eljack H., Werner H., Böttcher P.. Sensitivity and specificity of 3D models of the radioulnar joint cup in combination with a sphere fitted to the ulnar trochlear notch for estimation of radioulnar incongruence in vitro. Vet Surg 2013; 42: 365-370.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 19 Alves-Pimenta S., Ginja MM., Colaço J.. et al. Curvature radius measurements from the ulnar trochlear notch in large dogs. Anat Rec 2015; 298: 1748-1753.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 20 Alves-Pimenta S., Ginja MM., Fernandes AM.. et al. Curvature radius measurements from the humeral trochlea in large dogs. Anat Rec 2016; 299: 1012-1014.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 House MR., Marino DJ., Lesser ML.. Effect of limb position on elbow congruity with CT evaluation. Vet Surg 2009; 38: 154-160.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 22 DeCamp CE., Soutas-Little RW., Hauptman J.. et al. Kinematic gait analysis of the trot in healthy greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 1993; 54: 627-634.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Collins KE., Cross AR., Lewis DD.. et al. Comparison of the radius of curvature of the ulnar trochlear notch of Rottweilers and Greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 2001; 62: 968-973.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Probst A., Modler F., Künzel W.. et al. Demonstration of the articular cartilage of the canine ulnar trochlear notch using high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Vet J 2008; 177: 63-70.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 25 Lee J., Koh D., Ong CN.. Statistical evaluations of agreement between two methods for measuring a quantitative variable. Comput Biol Med 1989; 19: 61-70.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Bland JM., Altman DG.. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 1: 307-310.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Samoy Y., Gielen I., Van Caelenberg A.. et al. Computed tomography findings in 32 joints affected with severe elbow incongruity and fragmented medial coronoid process. Vet Surg 2012; 41: 486-494.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Cuddy LC., Lewis DD., Kim SE.. et al. Contact mechanics and three dimensional alignment of normal dog elbows. Vet Surg 2012; 41: 818-828.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Goodrich ZJ., Norby B., Eichelberger BM.. et al. Thoracic limb alignment in healthy Labrador Retrievers: Evaluation of standing versus recumbent frontal plane radiography. Vet Surg 2014; 43: 791-803.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 30 Lorenz ND., Channon S., Pettitt R.. et al. Ex vivo kinematic studies of a canine unlinked semi-constrained hybrid total elbow arthroplasty system. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2015; 28: 39-47.
    Thieme ConnectPubMedSearch in Google Scholar

   Permissions and Reprints