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DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.156840
Cracked tooth diagnosis and treatment: An alternative paradigm
Publication History
Publication Date:
04 September 2019 (online)
ABSTRACT
This article reviews the diagnosis and treatment of cracked teeth, and explores common clinical examples of cracked teeth, such as cusp fractures, fractures into tooth furcations, and root fractures. This article provides alternative definitions of terms such as cracked teeth, complete and incomplete fractures and crack lines, and explores the scientific rationale for dental terminology commonly used to describe cracked teeth, such as cracked tooth syndrome, structural versus nonstructural cracks, and vertical, horizontal, and oblique fractures. The article explains the advantages of high magnification loupes (×6–8 or greater), or the surgical operating microscope, combined with co-axial or head-mounted illumination, when observing teeth for microscopic crack lines or enamel craze lines. The article explores what biomechanical factors help to facilitate the development of cracks in teeth, and under what circumstances a full coverage crown may be indicated for preventing further propagation of a fracture plane. Articles on cracked tooth phenomena were located via a PubMed search using a variety of keywords, and via selective hand-searching of citations contained within located articles.
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Conflict of Interest
None declared.
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REFERENCES
- 1 Ellis SG. Incomplete tooth fracture – Proposal for a new definition. Br Dent J 2001; 190: 424-8
- 2 Rosen H. Cracked tooth syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 1982; 47: 36-43
- 3 Majorana A, Pasini S, Bardellini E, Keller E. Clinical and epidemiological study of traumatic root fractures. Dent Traumatol 2002; 18: 77-80
- 4 De Bruyne MA, De Moor RJ. Influence of cracks on leakage and obturation efficiency of root-end filling materials after ultrasonic preparation: An in vitro evaluation. Quintessence Int 2008; 39: 685-92
- 5 Clark DJ, Sheets CG, Paquette JM. Definitive diagnosis of early enamel and dentin cracks based on microscopic evaluation. J Esthet Restor Dent 2003; 15: 391-401
- 6 Mamoun JS. A rationale for the use of high-powered magnification or microscopes in general dentistry. Gen Dent 2009; 57: 18-26
- 7 van As G. Magnification and the alternatives for microdentistry. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2001; 22: 1008-12 1014
- 8 Cameron CE. The cracked tooth syndrome: Additional findings. J Am Dent Assoc 1976; 93: 971-5
- 9 Seo DG, Yi YA, Shin SJ, Park JW. Analysis of factors associated with cracked teeth. J Endod 2012; 38: 288-92
- 10 Abou-Rass M. Crack lines: The precursors of tooth fractures-their diagnosis and treatment. Quintessence Int Dent Dig 1983; 14: 437-47
- 11 Kim SY, Kim SH, Cho SB, Lee GO, Yang SE. Different treatment protocols for different pulpal and periapical diagnoses of 72 cracked teeth. J Endod 2013; 39: 449-52
- 12 Ehrmann EH, Tyas MJ. Cracked tooth syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment and correlation between symptoms and post-extraction findings. Aust Dent J 1990; 35: 105-12
- 13 Gibbs JW. Cuspal fracture odontalgia. Dent Dig 1954; 60: 158-60
- 14 Kalyan ChakravarthyPV, Telang LA, Nerali J, Telang A. Cracked tooth: A report of two cases and role of cone beam computed tomography in diagnosis. Case Rep Dent 2012; 2012: 525364
- 15 Turp JC, Gobetti JF. The cracked tooth syndrome: An elusive diagnosis. J Am Dent Assoc 1996; 127: 1502-7
- 16 Moule AJ, Kahler B. Diagnosis and management of teeth with vertical root fractures. Aust Dent J 1999; 44: 75-87
- 17 Barkhordar RA. Treatment of vertical root fracture: A case report. Quintessence Int 1991; 22: 707-9
- 18 Lynch CD, McConnell RJ. The cracked tooth syndrome. J Can Dent Assoc 2002; 68: 470-5
- 19 Langer B, Stein SD, Wagenberg B. An evaluation of root resections. A ten-year study. J Periodontol 1981; 52: 719-22
- 20 Bühler H. Evaluation of root-resected teeth. Results after 10 years. J Periodontol 1988; 59: 805-10
- 21 Howe CA, McKendry DJ. Effect of endodontic access preparation on resistance to crown-root fracture. J Am Dent Assoc 1990; 121: 712-5
- 22 Reeh ES, Douglas WH, Messer HH. Stiffness of endodontically-treated teeth related to restoration technique. J Dent Res 1989; 68: 1540-4
- 23 Reeh ES, Messer HH, Douglas WH. Reduction in tooth stiffness as a result of endodontic and restorative procedures. J Endod 1989; 15: 512-6
- 24 Bearn DR, Saunders EM, Saunders WP. The bonded amalgam restoration – a review of the literature and report of its use in the treatment of four cases of cracked-tooth syndrome. Quintessence Int 1994; 25: 321-6
- 25 Re GJ, Norling BK, Draheim RN. Fracture resistance of lower molars with varying faciocclusolingual amalgam restorations. J Prosthet Dent 1982; 47: 518-21
- 26 Goel VK, Khera SC, Gurusami S, Chen RC. Effect of cavity depth on stresses in a restored tooth. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 67: 174-83
- 27 Khairy MA. Fracture resistance in conservative Class II cavity preparation: Box vs tunnel. Egypt Dent J 1994; 40: 751-6
- 28 Hood JA. Biomechanics of the intact, prepared and restored tooth: Some clinical implications. Int Dent J 1991; 41: 25-32
- 29 Toparli M, Gökay N, Aksoy T. An investigation of the stress values on a tooth restored by amalgam. J Oral Rehabil 1999; 26: 259-63
- 30 Blaser PK, Lund MR, Cochran MA, Potter RH. Effect of designs of Class 2 preparations on resistance of teeth to fracture. Oper Dent 1983; 8: 6-10
- 31 Larson TD, Douglas WH, Geistfeld RE. Effect of prepared cavities on the strength of teeth. Oper Dent 1981; 6: 2-5
- 32 Homewood CI. Cracked tooth syndrome – incidence, clinical findings and treatment. Aust Dent J 1998; 43: 217-22
- 33 Caron GA, Murchison DF, Cohen RB, Broome JC. Resistance to fracture of teeth with various preparations for amalgam. J Dent 1996; 24: 407-10
- 34 Panitvisai P, Messer HH. Cuspal deflection in molars in relation to endodontic and restorative procedures. J Endod 1995; 21: 57-61
- 35 Tennert C, Eismann M, Goetz F, Woelber JP, Hellwig E, Polydorou O. A temporary filling material used for coronal sealing during endodontic treatment may cause tooth fractures in large Class II cavities in vitro . Int Endod J 2015; 48: 84-8
- 36 American Association of Endodontics. Cracking the Cracked Tooth Code. Endodontics: Colleagues for Excellence Newsletter; Fall/Winter 1997
- 37 Hiatt WH. Incomplete crown-root fracture in pulpal-periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1973; 44: 369-79
- 38 Schneider AR, Binder H. Periodontal considerations relevant to treating the fractured tooth. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 51: 624-7
- 39 Polson AM. Periodontal destruction associated with vertical root fracture. J Periodontol 1977; 48: 27-32
- 40 Cavel WT, Kelsey WP, Blankenau RJ. An in vivo study of cuspal fracture. J Prosthet Dent 1985; 53: 38-42
- 41 Batalha-Silva S, Gondo R, Stolf SC, Baratieri LN. Cracked tooth syndrome in an unrestored maxillary premolar: A case report. Oper Dent 2014; 39: 460-8
- 42 Alassaad SS. Incomplete cusp fractures: Early diagnosis and communication with patients using fiber-optic transillumination and intraoral photography. Gen Dent 2011; 59: 132-5
- 43 Pane ES, Palamara JE, Messer HH. Stainless steel bands in endodontics: Effects on cuspal flexure and fracture resistance. Int Endod J 2002; 35: 467-71
- 44 Wright EF, Bartoloni JA. Diagnosing, managing, and preventing cracked tooth syndrome. Gen Dent 2012; 60: e302-7
- 45 West JD. The cracked tooth syndrome. Dent Today 2002; 21: 88-97
- 46 Heithersay GS, Moule AJ. Anterior subgingival fractures: A review of treatment alternatives. Aust Dent J 1982; 27: 368-76
- 47 McCord JF, Harvie H. An alternative treatment of anterior teeth fractured beneath the gingival margin. Br Dent J 1984; 157: 320-2
- 48 Keçeli TI, Kutlu B, Gungor HC. Preserving alveolar bone growth following cervical root fracture: A case report. J Can Dent Assoc 2013; 79: d158
- 49 Ozcopur B, Akman S, Eskitascioglu G, Belli S. The effect of different posts on fracture strength of roots with vertical fracture and re-attached fragments. J Oral Rehabil 2010; 37: 615-23
- 50 Milot P, Stein RS. Root fracture in endodontically treated teeth related to post selection and crown design. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 68: 428-35
- 51 Mamoun JS. On the ferrule effect and the biomechanical stability of teeth restored with cores, posts, and crowns. Eur J Dent 2014; 8: 281-6
- 52 Sorensen JA, Engelman MJ. Ferrule design and fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1990; 63: 529-36
- 53 Ertas H, Sagsen B, Arslan H, Er O, Ertas ET. Effects of physical and morphological properties of roots on fracture resistance. Eur J Dent 2014; 8: 261-4
- 54 Uzunoglu E, Aktemur S, Uyanik MO, Durmaz V, Nagas E. Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on root fracture with respect to concentration at different time exposures. J Endod 2012; 38: 1110-3
- 55 Dang DA, Walton RE. Vertical root fracture and root distortion: Effect of spreader design. J Endod 1989; 15: 294-301
- 56 Harvey TE, White JT, Leeb IJ. Lateral condensation stress in root canals. J Endod 1981; 7: 151-5
- 57 Aydemir S, Cimilli H, Hazar YoruçAB, Kartal N. Evaluation of two different root-end cavity preparation techniques: A scanning electron microscope study. Eur J Dent 2013; 7: 186-90
- 58 Davis R, Overton JD. Efficacy of bonded and nonbonded amalgam in the treatment of teeth with incomplete fractures. J Am Dent Assoc 2000; 131: 469-78
- 59 Opdam NJ, Roeters JJ, Loomans BA, Bronkhorst EM. Seven-year clinical evaluation of painful cracked teeth restored with a direct composite restoration. J Endod 2008; 34: 808-11
- 60 Eakle WS. Reinforcement of fractured posterior teeth with bonded composite resin restorations. Quintessence Int 1985; 16: 481-2
- 61 Baxter PW. Management of vertical incomplete fractures of posterior teeth with composite resin. Br Dent J 1987; 162: 219-20
- 62 Trushkowsky R. Restoration of a cracked tooth with a bonded amalgam. Quintessence Int 1991; 22: 397-400
- 63 Agar JR, Weller RN. Occlusal adjustment for initial treatment and prevention of the cracked tooth syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 1988; 60: 145-7
- 64 Ito K, Nanba K, Akashi T, Murai S. Incomplete fractures in intact bilateral maxillary first molars: A case report. Quintessence Int 1998; 29: 243-8
- 65 Lin CL, Chang YH, Hsieh SK, Chang WJ. Estimation of the failure risk of a maxillary premolar with different crack depths with endodontic treatment by computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing ceramic restorations. J Endod 2013; 39: 375-9
- 66 Banerji S, Mehta SB, Millar BJ. Cracked tooth syndrome. Part 2: Restorative options for the management of cracked tooth syndrome. Br Dent J 2010; 208: 503-14
- 67 Qian Y, Zhou X, Yang J. Correlation between cuspal inclination and tooth cracked syndrome: A three-dimensional reconstruction measurement and finite element analysis. Dent Traumatol 2013; 29: 226-33
- 68 Guthrie RC, DiFiore PM. Treating the cracked tooth with a full crown. J Am Dent Assoc 1991; 122: 71-3
- 69 Bader JD, Shugars DA, Roberson TM. Using crowns to prevent tooth fracture. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996; 24: 47-51
- 70 Johnson R. Descriptive classification of traumatic injuries to the teeth and supporting structures. J Am Dent Assoc 1981; 102: 195-7
- 71 Thoma KH. Oral Pathology. 4th ed.. St. Louis: Mosby; 1954: p. 220
- 72 Ritchey B, Mendenhall R, Orban B. Pulpitis resulting from incomplete tooth fracture. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1957; 10: 665-70
- 73 Down CH. The treatment of permanent incisor teeth of children following traumatic injury. Aust Dent J 1957; 2: 9
- 74 Sutton PR. Transverse crack lines in permanent incisors of polynesians. Aust Dent J 1961; 6: 144-50
- 75 Sutton PR. Greenstick fracture of the tooth crown. Br Dent J 1962; 112: 362-3
- 76 Cameron CE. Cracked-tooth syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc 1964; 68: 405-11
- 77 Wiebusch FB. Hairline fracture of a cusp: Report of case. J Can Dent Assoc (Tor) 1972; 38: 192-4
- 78 Silvestri AR. The undiagnosed split-root syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc 1976; 92: 930-5
- 79 Maxwell EH, Braly BV. Incomplete tooth fracture. Prediction and prevention. CDA J 1977; 5: 51-5
- 80 Andreasen JO. Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth. 2nd ed.. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1981: p. 19
- 81 Caufield JB. Hairline tooth fracture: A clinical case report. J Am Dent Assoc 1981; 102: 501-2
- 82 Luebke RG. Vertical crown-root fractures in posterior teeth. Dent Clin North Am 1984; 28: 883-94
- 83 Kahler W. The cracked tooth conundrum: Terminology, classification, diagnosis, and management. Am J Dent 2008; 21: 275-82
- 84 Rivera EM, Walton RE. Cracking the cracked tooth code: Detection and treatment of various longitudinal tooth fractures. American Association of Endodontists. Colleagues for Excellence, Newsletter, Summer; 2008
- 85 Nguyen V, Palmer G. A review of the diagnosis and management of the cracked tooth. SADJ 2010; 65: 396-8 400
- 86 Lubisich EB, Hilton TJ, Ferracane J. Northwest Precedent. Cracked teeth: A review of the literature. J Esthet Restor Dent 2010; 22: 158-67
- 87 Banerji S, Mehta SB, Millar BJ. Cracked tooth syndrome. Part 1: Aetiology and diagnosis. Br Dent J 2010; 208: 459-63
- 88 Dewberry JA. Vertical fractures of posterior teeth. In: Weine FS. editor. Endodontic Therapy. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1982: p. 8-15
- 89 Schetritt A, Steffensen B. Diagnosis and management of vertical root fractures. J Can Dent Assoc 1995; 61: 607-13
- 90 Geurtsen W, Schwarze T, Günay H. Diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of the cracked tooth syndrome. Quintessence Int 2003; 34: 409-17
Correspondence:
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REFERENCES
- 1 Ellis SG. Incomplete tooth fracture – Proposal for a new definition. Br Dent J 2001; 190: 424-8
- 2 Rosen H. Cracked tooth syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 1982; 47: 36-43
- 3 Majorana A, Pasini S, Bardellini E, Keller E. Clinical and epidemiological study of traumatic root fractures. Dent Traumatol 2002; 18: 77-80
- 4 De Bruyne MA, De Moor RJ. Influence of cracks on leakage and obturation efficiency of root-end filling materials after ultrasonic preparation: An in vitro evaluation. Quintessence Int 2008; 39: 685-92
- 5 Clark DJ, Sheets CG, Paquette JM. Definitive diagnosis of early enamel and dentin cracks based on microscopic evaluation. J Esthet Restor Dent 2003; 15: 391-401
- 6 Mamoun JS. A rationale for the use of high-powered magnification or microscopes in general dentistry. Gen Dent 2009; 57: 18-26
- 7 van As G. Magnification and the alternatives for microdentistry. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2001; 22: 1008-12 1014
- 8 Cameron CE. The cracked tooth syndrome: Additional findings. J Am Dent Assoc 1976; 93: 971-5
- 9 Seo DG, Yi YA, Shin SJ, Park JW. Analysis of factors associated with cracked teeth. J Endod 2012; 38: 288-92
- 10 Abou-Rass M. Crack lines: The precursors of tooth fractures-their diagnosis and treatment. Quintessence Int Dent Dig 1983; 14: 437-47
- 11 Kim SY, Kim SH, Cho SB, Lee GO, Yang SE. Different treatment protocols for different pulpal and periapical diagnoses of 72 cracked teeth. J Endod 2013; 39: 449-52
- 12 Ehrmann EH, Tyas MJ. Cracked tooth syndrome: Diagnosis, treatment and correlation between symptoms and post-extraction findings. Aust Dent J 1990; 35: 105-12
- 13 Gibbs JW. Cuspal fracture odontalgia. Dent Dig 1954; 60: 158-60
- 14 Kalyan ChakravarthyPV, Telang LA, Nerali J, Telang A. Cracked tooth: A report of two cases and role of cone beam computed tomography in diagnosis. Case Rep Dent 2012; 2012: 525364
- 15 Turp JC, Gobetti JF. The cracked tooth syndrome: An elusive diagnosis. J Am Dent Assoc 1996; 127: 1502-7
- 16 Moule AJ, Kahler B. Diagnosis and management of teeth with vertical root fractures. Aust Dent J 1999; 44: 75-87
- 17 Barkhordar RA. Treatment of vertical root fracture: A case report. Quintessence Int 1991; 22: 707-9
- 18 Lynch CD, McConnell RJ. The cracked tooth syndrome. J Can Dent Assoc 2002; 68: 470-5
- 19 Langer B, Stein SD, Wagenberg B. An evaluation of root resections. A ten-year study. J Periodontol 1981; 52: 719-22
- 20 Bühler H. Evaluation of root-resected teeth. Results after 10 years. J Periodontol 1988; 59: 805-10
- 21 Howe CA, McKendry DJ. Effect of endodontic access preparation on resistance to crown-root fracture. J Am Dent Assoc 1990; 121: 712-5
- 22 Reeh ES, Douglas WH, Messer HH. Stiffness of endodontically-treated teeth related to restoration technique. J Dent Res 1989; 68: 1540-4
- 23 Reeh ES, Messer HH, Douglas WH. Reduction in tooth stiffness as a result of endodontic and restorative procedures. J Endod 1989; 15: 512-6
- 24 Bearn DR, Saunders EM, Saunders WP. The bonded amalgam restoration – a review of the literature and report of its use in the treatment of four cases of cracked-tooth syndrome. Quintessence Int 1994; 25: 321-6
- 25 Re GJ, Norling BK, Draheim RN. Fracture resistance of lower molars with varying faciocclusolingual amalgam restorations. J Prosthet Dent 1982; 47: 518-21
- 26 Goel VK, Khera SC, Gurusami S, Chen RC. Effect of cavity depth on stresses in a restored tooth. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 67: 174-83
- 27 Khairy MA. Fracture resistance in conservative Class II cavity preparation: Box vs tunnel. Egypt Dent J 1994; 40: 751-6
- 28 Hood JA. Biomechanics of the intact, prepared and restored tooth: Some clinical implications. Int Dent J 1991; 41: 25-32
- 29 Toparli M, Gökay N, Aksoy T. An investigation of the stress values on a tooth restored by amalgam. J Oral Rehabil 1999; 26: 259-63
- 30 Blaser PK, Lund MR, Cochran MA, Potter RH. Effect of designs of Class 2 preparations on resistance of teeth to fracture. Oper Dent 1983; 8: 6-10
- 31 Larson TD, Douglas WH, Geistfeld RE. Effect of prepared cavities on the strength of teeth. Oper Dent 1981; 6: 2-5
- 32 Homewood CI. Cracked tooth syndrome – incidence, clinical findings and treatment. Aust Dent J 1998; 43: 217-22
- 33 Caron GA, Murchison DF, Cohen RB, Broome JC. Resistance to fracture of teeth with various preparations for amalgam. J Dent 1996; 24: 407-10
- 34 Panitvisai P, Messer HH. Cuspal deflection in molars in relation to endodontic and restorative procedures. J Endod 1995; 21: 57-61
- 35 Tennert C, Eismann M, Goetz F, Woelber JP, Hellwig E, Polydorou O. A temporary filling material used for coronal sealing during endodontic treatment may cause tooth fractures in large Class II cavities in vitro . Int Endod J 2015; 48: 84-8
- 36 American Association of Endodontics. Cracking the Cracked Tooth Code. Endodontics: Colleagues for Excellence Newsletter; Fall/Winter 1997
- 37 Hiatt WH. Incomplete crown-root fracture in pulpal-periodontal disease. J Periodontol 1973; 44: 369-79
- 38 Schneider AR, Binder H. Periodontal considerations relevant to treating the fractured tooth. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 51: 624-7
- 39 Polson AM. Periodontal destruction associated with vertical root fracture. J Periodontol 1977; 48: 27-32
- 40 Cavel WT, Kelsey WP, Blankenau RJ. An in vivo study of cuspal fracture. J Prosthet Dent 1985; 53: 38-42
- 41 Batalha-Silva S, Gondo R, Stolf SC, Baratieri LN. Cracked tooth syndrome in an unrestored maxillary premolar: A case report. Oper Dent 2014; 39: 460-8
- 42 Alassaad SS. Incomplete cusp fractures: Early diagnosis and communication with patients using fiber-optic transillumination and intraoral photography. Gen Dent 2011; 59: 132-5
- 43 Pane ES, Palamara JE, Messer HH. Stainless steel bands in endodontics: Effects on cuspal flexure and fracture resistance. Int Endod J 2002; 35: 467-71
- 44 Wright EF, Bartoloni JA. Diagnosing, managing, and preventing cracked tooth syndrome. Gen Dent 2012; 60: e302-7
- 45 West JD. The cracked tooth syndrome. Dent Today 2002; 21: 88-97
- 46 Heithersay GS, Moule AJ. Anterior subgingival fractures: A review of treatment alternatives. Aust Dent J 1982; 27: 368-76
- 47 McCord JF, Harvie H. An alternative treatment of anterior teeth fractured beneath the gingival margin. Br Dent J 1984; 157: 320-2
- 48 Keçeli TI, Kutlu B, Gungor HC. Preserving alveolar bone growth following cervical root fracture: A case report. J Can Dent Assoc 2013; 79: d158
- 49 Ozcopur B, Akman S, Eskitascioglu G, Belli S. The effect of different posts on fracture strength of roots with vertical fracture and re-attached fragments. J Oral Rehabil 2010; 37: 615-23
- 50 Milot P, Stein RS. Root fracture in endodontically treated teeth related to post selection and crown design. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 68: 428-35
- 51 Mamoun JS. On the ferrule effect and the biomechanical stability of teeth restored with cores, posts, and crowns. Eur J Dent 2014; 8: 281-6
- 52 Sorensen JA, Engelman MJ. Ferrule design and fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. J Prosthet Dent 1990; 63: 529-36
- 53 Ertas H, Sagsen B, Arslan H, Er O, Ertas ET. Effects of physical and morphological properties of roots on fracture resistance. Eur J Dent 2014; 8: 261-4
- 54 Uzunoglu E, Aktemur S, Uyanik MO, Durmaz V, Nagas E. Effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on root fracture with respect to concentration at different time exposures. J Endod 2012; 38: 1110-3
- 55 Dang DA, Walton RE. Vertical root fracture and root distortion: Effect of spreader design. J Endod 1989; 15: 294-301
- 56 Harvey TE, White JT, Leeb IJ. Lateral condensation stress in root canals. J Endod 1981; 7: 151-5
- 57 Aydemir S, Cimilli H, Hazar YoruçAB, Kartal N. Evaluation of two different root-end cavity preparation techniques: A scanning electron microscope study. Eur J Dent 2013; 7: 186-90
- 58 Davis R, Overton JD. Efficacy of bonded and nonbonded amalgam in the treatment of teeth with incomplete fractures. J Am Dent Assoc 2000; 131: 469-78
- 59 Opdam NJ, Roeters JJ, Loomans BA, Bronkhorst EM. Seven-year clinical evaluation of painful cracked teeth restored with a direct composite restoration. J Endod 2008; 34: 808-11
- 60 Eakle WS. Reinforcement of fractured posterior teeth with bonded composite resin restorations. Quintessence Int 1985; 16: 481-2
- 61 Baxter PW. Management of vertical incomplete fractures of posterior teeth with composite resin. Br Dent J 1987; 162: 219-20
- 62 Trushkowsky R. Restoration of a cracked tooth with a bonded amalgam. Quintessence Int 1991; 22: 397-400
- 63 Agar JR, Weller RN. Occlusal adjustment for initial treatment and prevention of the cracked tooth syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 1988; 60: 145-7
- 64 Ito K, Nanba K, Akashi T, Murai S. Incomplete fractures in intact bilateral maxillary first molars: A case report. Quintessence Int 1998; 29: 243-8
- 65 Lin CL, Chang YH, Hsieh SK, Chang WJ. Estimation of the failure risk of a maxillary premolar with different crack depths with endodontic treatment by computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing ceramic restorations. J Endod 2013; 39: 375-9
- 66 Banerji S, Mehta SB, Millar BJ. Cracked tooth syndrome. Part 2: Restorative options for the management of cracked tooth syndrome. Br Dent J 2010; 208: 503-14
- 67 Qian Y, Zhou X, Yang J. Correlation between cuspal inclination and tooth cracked syndrome: A three-dimensional reconstruction measurement and finite element analysis. Dent Traumatol 2013; 29: 226-33
- 68 Guthrie RC, DiFiore PM. Treating the cracked tooth with a full crown. J Am Dent Assoc 1991; 122: 71-3
- 69 Bader JD, Shugars DA, Roberson TM. Using crowns to prevent tooth fracture. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1996; 24: 47-51
- 70 Johnson R. Descriptive classification of traumatic injuries to the teeth and supporting structures. J Am Dent Assoc 1981; 102: 195-7
- 71 Thoma KH. Oral Pathology. 4th ed.. St. Louis: Mosby; 1954: p. 220
- 72 Ritchey B, Mendenhall R, Orban B. Pulpitis resulting from incomplete tooth fracture. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1957; 10: 665-70
- 73 Down CH. The treatment of permanent incisor teeth of children following traumatic injury. Aust Dent J 1957; 2: 9
- 74 Sutton PR. Transverse crack lines in permanent incisors of polynesians. Aust Dent J 1961; 6: 144-50
- 75 Sutton PR. Greenstick fracture of the tooth crown. Br Dent J 1962; 112: 362-3
- 76 Cameron CE. Cracked-tooth syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc 1964; 68: 405-11
- 77 Wiebusch FB. Hairline fracture of a cusp: Report of case. J Can Dent Assoc (Tor) 1972; 38: 192-4
- 78 Silvestri AR. The undiagnosed split-root syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc 1976; 92: 930-5
- 79 Maxwell EH, Braly BV. Incomplete tooth fracture. Prediction and prevention. CDA J 1977; 5: 51-5
- 80 Andreasen JO. Traumatic Injuries of the Teeth. 2nd ed.. Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1981: p. 19
- 81 Caufield JB. Hairline tooth fracture: A clinical case report. J Am Dent Assoc 1981; 102: 501-2
- 82 Luebke RG. Vertical crown-root fractures in posterior teeth. Dent Clin North Am 1984; 28: 883-94
- 83 Kahler W. The cracked tooth conundrum: Terminology, classification, diagnosis, and management. Am J Dent 2008; 21: 275-82
- 84 Rivera EM, Walton RE. Cracking the cracked tooth code: Detection and treatment of various longitudinal tooth fractures. American Association of Endodontists. Colleagues for Excellence, Newsletter, Summer; 2008
- 85 Nguyen V, Palmer G. A review of the diagnosis and management of the cracked tooth. SADJ 2010; 65: 396-8 400
- 86 Lubisich EB, Hilton TJ, Ferracane J. Northwest Precedent. Cracked teeth: A review of the literature. J Esthet Restor Dent 2010; 22: 158-67
- 87 Banerji S, Mehta SB, Millar BJ. Cracked tooth syndrome. Part 1: Aetiology and diagnosis. Br Dent J 2010; 208: 459-63
- 88 Dewberry JA. Vertical fractures of posterior teeth. In: Weine FS. editor. Endodontic Therapy. St. Louis: CV Mosby; 1982: p. 8-15
- 89 Schetritt A, Steffensen B. Diagnosis and management of vertical root fractures. J Can Dent Assoc 1995; 61: 607-13
- 90 Geurtsen W, Schwarze T, Günay H. Diagnosis, therapy, and prevention of the cracked tooth syndrome. Quintessence Int 2003; 34: 409-17