Aggressive orbital rhabdomyosarcoma in adulthood: A case report in a public hospital in Damascus, Syria

Abstract

Orbital rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant tumor that originates mainly from mesenchymal tissue. It is considered a rare childhood malignancy; therefore, presentation in adulthood is scarce. In this case report, a 36-year-old male patient presented with a rapidly progressive RMS of the left orbit. The patient was treated in a different institution with radiochemotherapy with good response. However, relapse occurred after 2 months of completing the course, as rapid growing proptosis. Computed tomography scan revealed a lesion in the left orbit with invasion of the left ethmoid cells and the left maxillary sinus. Exenteration of the left orbit with the left partial maxillectomy and ethmoidectomy was performed. RMS is a highly aggressive malignancy that should be considered in any orbital mass that progresses rapidly. Surgery should be the first line in treatment. Delay in diagnosis and inappropriate treatment negatively affects the outcome.

Keywords

Adulthood - oncology - ophthalmology - orbital rhabdomyosarcoma

Introduction

Soft-tissue sarcomas form <1% of all solid tumor malignancies in adults.[1] Out of all soft-tissue sarcomas, only 3% are rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS).[1] Therefore, it is considered a rare malignancy in adulthood.[1] The most common affected sites are head and neck (35%–40%) followed by the genitourinary tract and the extremities. Orbital RMS forms only 9% of all cases in the head and neck.[2]

The average age of diagnosis of orbital RMS is 7–8 years. The tumor has been reported in adults and infants.[3] Its incidence is about four to seven cases per million (approximately 250 cases in children and adolescents aged 15 years or younger).[4] In this case, we report a rare case of aggressive orbital RMS in adulthood.

Case Report

A 36-year-old male patient was initially seen by an ophthalmologist in Damascus Hospital, with a history of epiphora (watery eye) along with a reddish mass arising from the conjunctiva of the left lower eyelid. The patient was diagnosed with preseptal cellulitis and was treated orally with an antibiotic, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (augmentin), 1 g, for 10 days without any benefit. Eyelid was biopsied and showed capillary hemangioma. Dramatic worsening of symptoms led to performing a new biopsy, and computed tomography (CT) was performed [Figure 1] and [Figure 2]. The biopsy showed a malignant, small round-cell tumor, consistent with orbital RMS, with embryonal type. The diagnosis was made dependent on immunohistochemistry staining, using leukocyte common antigen/Desmin/CD99 (positive of Desmin). The patient was referred to oncology and treated with radiochemotherapy. It included cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine with 25 sets of three-dimensional radiotherapy radiology (54 Gy). He presented to our institution after 2 months of completing radiochemotherapy course with a history of progressive proptosis of the left eyeball. It was associated with blurred vision, diplopia, and headache.

Figure 1: Computed tomography of head. Beiruni Hospital, Damascus, Syria

Figure 2: Computed tomography of the chest. Beiruni Hospital, Damascus, Syria

On physical examination

The patient had low body mass index, and vital signs were stable. The eyeball was displaced temporally. There was chemosis, yellowish discharge, and restriction of eyeball movement [Figure 3]. Ophthalmologic examination showed visual acuity to be one of ten.

Figure 3: Damascus Hospital, Damascus, Syria

Investigations

Before surgery, multislice CT scan with contrast of the head and neck showed a soft-tissue mass in the left orbit that extended to the left maxillary sinus and invaded the ethmoid cells [Figure 3] and [Figure 4]. CT scan of chest, abdomen, and pelvis showed a density in the anterior part of right lung. A biopsy of the lung mass was recommended to identify whether it is a metastasis; however, the patient refused.

Figure4: Computed tomography scan of the head and neck, Damascus Hospital

Management

The patient underwent exenteration of the left orbit, with partial left maxillectomy and left ethmoidectomy. The pathology report showed malignant small, round-cell tumor consistent with orbital RMS, and margins were involved [Figure 5] and [Figure 6]. The tumor measured 5.5 cm in greatest dimension with invasion of the bone, the left maxillary sinus, and the left ethmoid cells. Ocular globe was intact with no invasion to its compartment identified. The after-surgery staging was not applicable due to not defining whether the mass in the lung was metastatic or not, which may turn it from Stage II to Stage IV.

Figure 5: Pathology section. Laboratory of Damascus Hospital

Figure 6: Pathology section. Damascus Hospital

Follow-up

The patient has been referred to one oncology-specialized hospital to get adjuvant therapy which included chemotherapy (vincristine + actinomycin D + cyclophosphamide) and 45.0 Gy conventional fractionated irradiation. He was treated as Stage IV guidelines of intergroup RMS Studies, given his lung lesion. Four months after surgery, the patient was doing well. Afterward, the patient had lost to follow-up; he could not be contacted, and he stopped attending his scheduled appointment, and it is not known whether he returned to his home in the countryside of Aleppo, where it is still a conflict zone, or whether it was due to health complications.

Discussion

We report a rare case of primary orbital RMS in adulthood. RMS is considered a disease of young children, which occurs at a mean age of onset of 8 years.[3] RMS is a highly malignant soft-tissue tumor of the skeletal muscle. Histopathologically, RMS is divided into three main categories: embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic. Medical literature review revealed only few cases of RMS in adulthood.[5],[6],[7] Most of the available data are derived from retrospective case series which state that the typical first presentation is proptosis,[5] while other cases describe atypical presentations such as eyelid nodule.[8] At onset, the patient was misdiagnosed with an inflammatory lesion, then a tumor of vascular origin. However, unresponsiveness to antibiotics and the dramatic clinical progression led to further histopathological study that finally established the diagnosis of orbital RMS. This point raises the importance of considering orbital RMS in the differential diagnosis of any orbital mass that progresses in a similar pattern. Other differential diagnosis may include orbital cellulitis, lymphangioma, hemangioma, metastasis to orbit, lymphoma, dermoid cyst, and chalazion. Awareness of both typical and atypical presentations of orbital RMS could ensure early detection and initiation of appropriate treatment. Nonetheless, it is essential to note that the majority of RMS tumors are not encapsulated, putting orbital contents at risk.[9] Orbital RMS has high tendency to invade the surrounding bone and to extend intracranially, especially in the adult group and even after treatment with radiochemotherapy.[5] Recurrence or metastatic spread usually occur within the first 3 years after treatment, and the most common site of metastasis is the lung.[5],[10] Regarding management, there is rarity of information available on this topic, and treatment modalities were mainly derived from guidelines dedicated to the management of children with RMS, which was expanded widely to adult group. Historically, orbital RMS was initially treated by exenteration.[9] However, since the early seventies, guidelines were introduced by several study groups, and they recommended the combination of surgery along with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy according to the stage of the disease. Since then, overall survival improved to 90%.[10] The patient first had courses of radiochemotherapy, but after relapse, the patient underwent exenteration of the left orbit with left partial maxillectomy and ethmoidectomy.

Conclusion

RMS is a highly aggressive malignancy that should be considered in any orbital mass that progresses rapidly. Surgery should be the first line in treatment. Delay in diagnosis and inappropriate treatment negatively affect the outcome.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent forms. In the form, the patient has given his consent for his images and other clinical information to be reported in the journal. The patient understands that name and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.

Conflict of Interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
12. August 2021