Key-words:
Decompressive craniectomy - neurosurgical resuscitation - severe traumatic brain injury
- temporal lobectomy
Introduction
Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) cause serious morbidity and mortality around the world,
especially in the young population. These patients are clinically classified as mild
(Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] 14–15), moderate (GCS 9–13), and severe (GCS <9) according
to its severity. Cerebral edema is observed both due to the primary and secondary
injury mechanisms in TBIs with or without mass lesions, resulting in an increased
intracranial pressure (ICP) and even transtentorial herniation which are associated
with high mortality and poor functional outcomes. The target point of the TBI treatment
is lowering ICP medically or surgically if indicated. Medical treatments consisted
of osmotic diuresis; barbiturate-induced sedation and short-term hyperventilation
in the subacute period are the first choice in most cases. Surgical options include
cerebrospinal fluid drainage, craniotomy, and decompressive craniectomy (DC) to relieve
elevated ICP. ICP monitoring and ICP-targeted procedures have been recommended by
most TBI guidelines. All these treatment options are known as traditional methods,
except DC. DC stands for surgical removal of a portion of the skull is in use in the
last decades with insufficient level I data in the literature. There are several DC
modalities according to anatomic location and portion; bifrontal, large or small frontotemporoparietal,
temporoparietal, and temporal. However, our focus is the role of temporal lobectomy
which may be considered more aggressive surgical intervention even than DC in the
setting of intractable high ICP in specific severe TBI patients. We will present our
clinical experience with additional lobectomy in patients who underwent decompressive
surgery due to severe head trauma in this study.
Methods
The ethical approval of the study was provided by The Ethical Committee of Yozgat
Bozok University with a reference number of 2017-KAEK-189_2017.11.22_05. The study
was planned to cover 3 years. The files of the patients with severe brain injury admitted
between January 2015 and December 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with
missing file information were excluded from the study. Patients who underwent decompression
surgery due to severe brain injury (GCS <8) and additional temporal lobectomy included
in the study group. Surgical side decision was made according to the presence of bone
fracture, epi/subdural, intracerebral hemorrhage/hematoma, and cortical contusion.
In case of no accompanying aforementioned lesion/s, the right-sided approach was performed
[[Figure 1]].
Figure 1: Surgical approach
The patients with chest and/or abdominal trauma that required surgery or would affect
the mortality and under the age of 18 years were also excluded from the study.
Results
Ten patients were included in the study. Of these patients, seven were male and three
were female. The age range of the patients was 22–72 (mean = 41.6). Traumatic etiology
was vehicle traffic accident in six cases, nonvehicle traffic accident in two cases,
and falling from height in two cases. All the cases suffered from blunt trauma. The
admission GCS of the patients was 4–7 (mean = 5.5). All the patients were undergone
to surgery within hours from the emergency department. Right-sided decompression surgery
and lobectomy were performed for seven patients and left-sided in three cases. Basal
cisterns were completely closed in all patients. The post-operational survival was
60%. The mean postoperative survival duration of the patients who died ranged between
2 and 9 days (mean = 6.5 days) [[Table 1]]. During 9–38 (mean = 20 months) months of follow-up of the survivors, all of them
were functionally independent with mild cognitive disturbances.
Table 1: The general patient parameters
Discussion
Primary TBI occurs due to the direct effect of trauma. When it happens, macroscopic
and microscopic changes are triggered, and there is no way to reverse or stop it.
The first focus of moderate and severe TBI treatment is to sustain clinical stability
and to restore optimal cerebral blood flow to minimize secondary brain injury. Because
the nature of the fixed size of the skull (Monroe-Kellie Doctrine), any volume increase
in intracranial components (blood, brain parenchyma, and cerebrospinal fluid) will
cause displacement of these components, increase in ICP, and sometimes it will end
up with herniation syndromes. Cerebral swelling and edema are the major macro determinants
of the primary and/or secondary injuries by causing hypoperfusion which is associated
with poor outcomes.[[1]] Standard medical treatment protocols are well-defined in the current guidelines
with little changes over the last decade. These guidelines consist of almost similar
recommendations and generally focused on medical interventions other than the surgical
management of TBI.[[2]],[[3]],[[4]],[[5]],[[6]],[[7]] The surgical options are limited with intraventricular ICP monitoring, cerebrospinal
fluid drainage, evacuation of hematoma, debridement of the contused brain areas, and
DC. Even DC is evaluated as an emerging intervention for severe TBI added recently
into the major guidelines with lack of Class I evidence and controversial results.[[8]],[[9]],[[10]],[[11]],[[12]],[[13]],[[14]]
Lobectomy may be a new surgical option for specific severe TBI patients; although,
it is not covered by current surgical guidelines. In fact, the observation of lobectomy
results in severe TBI patients with medically-refractory intracranial hypertension
started in the 90s. However, the low number of patients and the publications makes
it hard to extrapolate a conclusion about its clinical effects on survival. While
craniectomy stands for removal of a part of the bony portion of the skull, lobectomy
can be described as craniectomy plus removal of a brain lobe completely or partially.
The main goal of lobectomy based on changing and extending the fixed volume of the
skull in the setting of intractable intracranial hypertension or herniation during
surgery in a more aggressive and radical way. The first publication in the literature
started by Nussbaum et al. in 1991.[[15]] They performed complete temporal lobectomy for surgical resuscitation of 10 patients
suffering from transtentorial herniation due to unilateral hemispheric edema without
any significant focal lesion. Tseng. reported more rapid and complete recovery of
oculomotor nerve function and motor status in 10 patients with severe TBI and uncal
herniation (Group A) treated with reduction of herniated temporal lobe in addition
to classical surgical procedures (evacuation of hematoma and debridement of the contused
brain areas) comparing to 22 patients (Group B) treated with classical surgical procedures
alone.[[16]] Litofsky et al. retrospectively investigated 20 blunt severe TBI patients who had
intractable ICP or herniation treated with different kinds of lobectomies and found
that lobectomy could be a useful adjuvant in the management of severe TBI, especially
in rapidly deteriorated young patients.[[17]] Lee et al. followed up and compared 29 surgically treated patients by conventional
surgery and complete/partial temporal lobectomy who suffered from uncal herniation
due to frontotemporal acute subdural hematoma with swelling.[[18]] They determined better survival and functional outcomes in complete temporal lobectomy
group. The last publication on the role of lobectomy in severe TBI was held by Oncel
et al. in 2007.[[19]] They had a relatively large number of patients who underwent frontal lobectomy,
temporal lobectomy, or combination/other lobectomy. Their study group consisted of
183 patients who had focal brain lesions with intractable intracranial hypertension
or herniation. Their results showed that a lobectomy is an acceptable option.
As mentioned above, it has been reported that frontal, temporal, or combined lobectomies
lobectomy was performed additionally after DC in patients with severe TBI. In our
cases, the dura layer was opened following the removal of the bone flap (minimum diameter
of 12 cm and more) as decompression intervention. After that any focal lesions such
as subdural hematoma or contused parenchymal area were debrided, if present. However,
in the patients whose brain continues to swell, an anteromedial lobectomy was performed
to reduce the likelihood of herniation development.
Other types of temporal lobectomy are available. These can be listed as anterior,
anteromedial complete. We thought that anteromedial lobectomy would be more appropriate
because of the anatomical relationships in preventing the transtentorial herniation
in our patients. Despite the small number of patients, we achieved successful results
of up to 60%. Our results are compatible with the existing publications in the literature.[[15]],[[16]],[[17]],[[18]],[[19]]
Conclusion
Patients with and medical-refractory high ICP or herniation syndrome secondary to
severe TBI should be treated surgically. Lobectomy as a surgical modality is not only
a newly defined option but also there is insufficient data to promote its effectivity.
Its aggressive nature and rarely usage in clinical practice slow its literary evaluation
by evidence-based medicine. The topic needs further high-quality prospective randomized
studies.
Temporal lobectomy should be added to the DC surgery to apply all the intervention
methods available in this pathology and warfare of especially in patients with severe
head trauma in whom cerebral pulsation does not return, and the intraoperative increase
of the edema continues although decompression surgery.
