Key words:
Chemical vapor deposition tips - oscillating instruments - sonic dental devices - sono-abrasion - ultrasonic dental devices - ultrasonic diamond tips
INTRODUCTION
Oscillating instruments (OIs) belong to the sonic or the ultrasonic type, according to their vibration frequency.[1] OIs were the first utilized in dentistry, in the 1950s, for less invasive tooth structure preparation.[2] Nevertheless, ultrasonic tooth preparation was not universally accepted, due to the limited availability of the tips, poor visibility, and lower efficiency compared to the high-speed rotary handpieces.[3]
Gradually, OIs were adapted for the needs of other dental fields, including periodontology, endodontics oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral diagnosis, whereas contemporary research investigates its potential for dental tissue repair.[4]
The traditional Black’s cavity preparation rules passed on the torch to the selective removal of the carious dentin, to preserve sound or potentially remineralizable tissues.[5] Due to the introduction of minimal intervention dentistry, air abrasion and OIs were reconsidered as an alternative to conventional rotary handpieces.[6] Better understanding of the operating conditions, in conjunction with technological developments, led to improved devices, with various tip designs and upgraded diamond coatings, which can be used in many different situations.[7]
This article is evidence-based review to summarize and evaluate the existing literature on the use of OIs for the removal of hard tissues in tooth restorations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The review was developed following the guidelines proposed by the PRISMA statement.[8]
Eligibility criteria
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials, in vitro trials and cases series. Based on the criterion of language, we included articles written in English. Restorative dentistry and hard tissues preparation were all fields of searching. Exclusion criteria included articles that were referred to the use of instruments in other fields of dentistry.
Search strategy
Studies reporting the use of OIs in enamel and dentin were identified by searching electronic databases. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from database inception to the end of May 2016 was conducted using the terms “oscillating instruments,” “ultrasonic dental devices,” “sonic dental devices,” “ultrasonic instruments,” “hard tissues removal,” “ultrasonic caries,” “sono-abrasion,” and “CVD tips.” In addition, we supplemented the search with relative articles of their reference list.
Study selection
Each article that complied with the predefined eligibility criteria was evaluated by two independent authors individually. Discrepancies, regarding the inclusion of studies, were resolved by discussion and consultation with a third reviewer. The authors used a reference manager software program EndNote X7 to manage reference data. All articles were identified and classified by their title and abstract to inclusion/exclusion criteria. For the next screening level, the complete scientific paper was read.
Data extraction
Data regarding the study design, sample size, study characteristics, year of publication, type of instrument, and tips were extracted from each included study.
Data analysis
Included studies were classified according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine levels of evidence classification system[9] [[Table 1]]. Two reviewers performed the quality assessment of the articles, with one author acting as the coordinator.
Data synthesis
The narrative synthesis explored the relationship and findings both within and between the included studies and provided an initial descriptive summary and explanation of them. Studies were reported considering their level of evidence. We used the available information generated by in vitro studies, to provide additional evidence to bridge potential gaps between the clinical trials.
RESULTS
The systematic search revealed 5463 articles. Following the removal of duplicates, as well as their classification, 125 were remained, and their full text assessed against the eligibility criteria by two reviewers. A total of 55 were finally included in the review. The study selection process is shown in [Figure 1.]
Figure 1: Flowchart of the included studies
The included studies according to their strength of recommendation, the level of evidence and evaluation objects are presented in [Tables 1]
[2.] They were heterogeneous in respect of their design and outcomes. Considering the study design, the majority of studies 43 (78.2%) were laboratory studies, and only 1 study (1.8%) was RCT. The level of evidence varied between 1 and 5. Most of the studies contained a low level of evidence. Studies were performed on human 42 (76.4%), bovine 7 (12.7%), and dog teeth 2 (3.7%).
Conventional diamond, steel, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond tips and systems based on abrasive slurry were the oscillating tips, used in different studies.
Table 1:
Levels of evidence classification system
|
Strength of Recommendation
|
Level of Evidence
|
Diagnosis/Prognosis/Treatment
|
|
The level of the study may be graded down on the basis of study quality,
imprecision, indirectness, because of inconsistency between studies, or because the absolute effect size is very small. Level may be graded up if there is a large or very large effect size
|
|
A
|
1
|
Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trial
|
|
B
|
2
|
Systematic Review of Cohort studies, Randomized Controlled Trial, Observational study with dramatic effect, Inception Cohort Study
|
|
3
|
Systematic Review of Case Control Studies, Non-Randomized Cohort study
|
|
C
|
4
|
Case Series, Case Control Studies
|
|
D
|
5
|
Bench Research
|
Table 2:
Classification of the included studies according to Strength of Recommendation, Level of Evidence and Evaluation Object
|
Strength of Recommendation
|
Number of Articles (SoR)
|
%
|
References
|
|
SoR: Strength of Recomendation
|
|
A
|
1
|
1.8
|
[58]
|
|
B
|
3
|
5.4
|
[51]
[54]
[55]
|
|
C
|
8
|
14.6
|
[9]
[20]
[21]
[23]
[27]
[57]
[59]
[60]
|
|
D
|
43
|
78.2
|
All the rest
|
|
Level of Evidence
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
1
|
1.8
|
[58]
|
|
2
|
2
|
3.6
|
[54]
[59]
|
|
3
|
2
|
3.6
|
[51]
[55]
|
|
4
|
7
|
12.7
|
[19]
[20]
[21]
[23]
[27]
[57]
[59]
|
|
5
|
43
|
78.2
|
All the rest
|
|
Study object
|
|
|
|
|
Bond Strength
|
10(D)
|
18.2
|
[31]
[39]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
|
|
Caries removal & microleakage
|
10(D)
|
18.2
|
[10]
[12]
[24]
[25]
[28]
[29]
[34]
[36]
[46]
[52]
|
|
Cutting Characteristics
|
9(D)
|
16.4
|
[11]
[13]
[14]
[26]
[37]
[50]
[61]
[62]
[64]
|
|
Response of Dentin-Pulp complex
|
5 (2B,1A,2D)
|
9.1
|
[51]
[53]
[54]
[55]
[58]
|
|
Surface Roughness
|
4(D)
|
7.3
|
[33]
[36]
[38]
[40]
|
|
Smear and Hybrid layer
|
3(D)
|
5.6
|
[15]
[16]
[17]
|
|
Preparation margins
|
1(C)
|
1.8
|
[30]
|
|
Feedback Among Users
|
2(C)
|
3.6
|
[59]
[60]
|
|
Other
|
11 (1B,6C,4D)
|
20.0
|
The rest
|
DISCUSSION
From a total of 2803 articles initially assessed, only 55 articles were finally scanned and evaluated as fulfilling the inclusion criteria of the study. Articles’ “grades of recommendation” were low since more than half of them were bench studies and only a small portion of them was randomized clinical trials which offer the highest level of evidence. Articles also displayed a significant heterogeneity due to differences in employing devices, manner of their use, applied materials and evaluating methods leading to not easily compared conclusions.
One of the first uses of OIs in clinical practice was the preparation of demineralized occlusal pit and fissures. The vibration mode and the angle of the tips in combination with ultra-conservative design, assist the precise and well-controlled removal of carious tissues and/or the implementation of the enameloplasty technique in surfaces with complicated morphology.[10] Although small rotary burs seem to be efficient for precise cutting of small areas, their accuracy is reduced in clinical situations where access is difficult.[10] Etching of the enamel remains of the same importance after preparation either with oscillating or rotary instruments, preparation of occlusal pits and fissures with ultrasonic instruments results in the same degree of microleakage, as with the rotary instruments.[11]
[12] However, the use of ultrasonic instruments for occlusal pit and fissure sealing must be confirmed by further investigation.
OIs present better minimally invasive potential than rotary handpieces since the removal of carious tissues and preparation of sound tissues are selective and well controlled.[11]
[13]
[14] Preparation of cavity walls needs attention, as there is a tendency for under preparation.[11]
[13]
[14] In deep carious lesions, oscillating diamond instruments are not expected to remove easily the outer soft layer of the lesion and therefore, its use compared to the rotating carbide burs is not promising. In respect to the smear layer present, other studies show that oscillating action seems to completely remove the smear layer,[15] others to remove only an amount of it,[16] and others that the smear layer remains.[17] Further investigation with different tips is needed to confirm these findings because every instrument along with its operation settings can display a variety of cutting profiles with different effect to the dental tissues.
The minimally invasive action of OIs based not only in the selective removal of the dental carious lesion but also in the design which permits the approach of the lesion. Dental caries removal on proximal tooth surfaces constitutes a challenge, due to the massive sacrifice of sound tooth structures, as a result of the traditional restorative procedures.[18] In posterior teeth, OIs can assist the preservation of intact marginal ridges, since special designed tips enable direct approach of proximal lesions or make a tunnel preparation.[19]-[21] In anterior proximal lesions, the use of OI contributes to the conservative removal of carious tissue preserving sound enamel tissues and consequently natural tooth esthetics.[22]
[23] The possibility of iatrogenic damage to the adjacent tooth during preparation is minimized.[24]
OIs enable the beveling of the inaccessible cervical margins and appear to enhance marginal adaptation.[25]
[26] The minimally approach and the control of ultrasonic instruments can be further enhanced by microscopy visualization.[27] However, it seems that conventional rotary as well as OIs results in cavities with comparable microleakage values.[24]
[28]
[29] The influence of OI on the cervical beveling in respect to microleakage requires clinical research with a bigger variety of oscillating tips and of higher evidence.
The use of OIs has been expanded to the preparation and finishing of the margins for crown and veneer restorations. They produce smooth margins with clear finishing lines which are of the major importance for the precise marginal adaptation of the restorative material and the long-term prognosis of restorations.[30]
[31] The increased accuracy of the prepared margins to conventional rotary diamond instruments can improve conventional or digital impression and all other stages of the final restoration.[32]
[33] In addition, the bonded restorations whose cavities prepared with OIs, present lower microleakage than that of rotary diamonds, when the adhesion involves dentin.[34]
[35] However, caution is important when interpreting such results, since luting agents by themselves can influence significantly the microleakage.[36] The type of ultrasonic tip, the method of application and the preparation protocol are decisive.[37]
[31]
Removal of old composite restorations with OIs sacrifices the same amount of sound tooth tissues as high-speed rotary instruments, but more time is needed to complete the removal.[38] In addition, the roughness that is left on the surface seems to be similar to high-speed rotating instruments using similar grit sizes.[39]
[40] Oscillating movement is very useful for finishing or repairing restoration’s in not easily accessible areas, or when preparation margins are in close contact with soft periodontal tissue that could be damaged by the use of rotary burs.[7]
[20]
Choosing the filling materials for cavities prepared with OIs is important and probably based on the micromorphology characteristics.[7] However, no study was found on the use of different materials for cavities prepared by OIs. It was suggested that when visibility and excavation process is difficult, glass ionomers are preferred due to its cariostatic effect.
Adhesion to the tooth surfaces is affected by the preparation method due to surface quality and bonding medium interaction.[41] In enamel, the OIs seem to affect the adhesion like the conventional rotary instruments.[42] In dentin when self-etch adhesives are involved, surfaces prepared by diamond oscillating tips present similar bond strength to those prepared by steel burs and better than those prepared by diamond burs in high-speed handpieces.[43]
[44] On the contrary, bond strength seems to be similar or inferior to the surfaces prepared by diamond oscillating tips and diamond rotary burs when two and one step adhesives were used, independently of the adhesive type.[42]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49] Composite-dentin interface appears to be either the same between the two types of instruments, when Sonicsys tips were used or with a more regular hybrid layer for ultrasonic when CVD tips employed.[50]
[16]
In respect to microleakage between composite resin and dentin, one study reports that microleakage was the same with oscillating and rotating instruments and one that diamond burs result in lower microleakage.[51]
[52] Microleakage must be examined more systematically by clinical trials, in cavities prepared with different OIs, functional parameters, and tips and restored with different adhesive systems to have more conclusive results.
The use of the OI for the preparation of hard dental tissues has been considered from the beginning as a biologically accepted method.[53] Today, clinical data indicate that pulp responses with upgraded oscillating diamond tips appear to be better than high-speed rotary systems.[54] Their acceptance by the patients and especially the children is better, as they reduce the undesirable psychological effects due to low vibration and noise, resulting in less discomfort and pain.[20]
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60] However, contrary to many manufacturers, the use of local anesthesia remains in certain cases necessary.[61]
Cost and time are the main drawbacks of using OI. While OIs exist in almost every dental clinic, the cost of diamond tips and their duration limit their use to certain cases only.[40] The increased time for cavity preparation compared to conventional instruments is also a limitation for their use.[61]
[62]
[52] Using higher operation power than the recommended, to speed up the cutting effect and reduce the preparation time, can result in an increased cavity size, vibration rate, and noise, leading to patient discomfort.[63]
[64] New tips with an enhanced diamond layer, in which a mixture of methane and hydrogen gases form a single artificial layer, improve cutting efficiency.[61]
RCTs, case series, and case-control studies and systematic reviews must be made, taking into account, differences in tip design, quality, and the duration of diamond layers on tips and the quality of substance removed or shaped with OIs.
CONCLUSION
Oscillating diamond instrument constitutes a practical tool, which expands and refines the capabilities of clinical restorative dentistry under the philosophy of minimally invasive dentistry. The knowledge of instruments’ tip design along with their indications is necessary requirements to take advantage of their use. There is a need for more well-structured clinical studies with standardized and widely used procedures, devices and materials, to have a high strength of recommendation and grade of evidence conclusions, on the use of OIs in restorative dentistry.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
