Key words:
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells - mandibular - osteoporosis
INTRODUCTION
Dental implant is implanted in the jaw bone as well as the original tooth and supposed to be more comfortable to the patient. Dental implant is mostly done in elderly patients.[1] Elderly patients are often having osteoporosis caused by menopausal factors.
Menopause is a phase in which the menstrual cycle stops and the hormonal in women rapidly vanishes.[2] Osteoporosis results a rejection of an implant due to the absence of good osseointegration between the implant and the bone.[3] In recent studies, the regeneration of bone osteoporosis in long bones of animal model tries to show pledge results;[4] however, the role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the regeneration process in the mandible bone has not been studied yet.
Recently, MSCs from newborn umbilical cord known as human umbilical cord MSCs (hUCMSCs) which is multipotent, began to be widely considered as MSCs choices. hUCMSCs are tended to be stored in tissues storage as the alternative of stem cells therapy in a various type of diseases or disorders.[5] However, hUCMSC experiments for the application of mandibular bone tissue engineering have not been performed.
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF) β1 is a growth factor with the biggest resource in bones that control bone formation by increasing proliferations and osteoblast differentiations.[6] TGF β1 is a kind of protein that is secreted to control the regulation of cell proliferations, differentiations, and death which interacts with estrogens.[7] Runx2 is a transcription factor that starts and controls early osteogenesis and final mineralization of bones.[8] This research is conducted to know the potency of hUCMSCs on the therapy of osteoporosis mandibular bone regeneration to increase the bone density.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample preparation
Ethical commission of health research of RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Universitas Airlangga has approved this study. This study is a true experimental study. Three months 180–200 g of 30 female Rattus norvegicus Albinus strain Wistar were collected as sample. These samples were divided into 6 groups randomly, normal group with sham surgery (T1), ovariectomy group with 4 weeks (T3) and 8 weeks (T4) of injection of gelatin solvent, ovariectomy group with 4 weeks (T5) and 8 weeks (T6) of hUCMSCs and gelatin injection.
Ovariectomy preparation
Ovariectomy was prepared for osteoporotic condition using Khajuria method,[9] and sham surgery was performed for control group. The mice were allowed for 12 weeks to conduct an osteoporosis.
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell culture establishment preparation
Umbilical cords were retrieved from healthy C section babies at RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya, Indonesia. The cords were cut into 1 cm length; the arteries, veins, and adventitia layers were separated to attain Wharton’s jelly. Wharton’s jelly then was processed based on Han’s method,[10] and then, the medium was changed every 3 days.
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell injection and gelatine solvent procedure on mandibular of osteoporotic mice
The anesthesia was applied to the samples. A perforation process was conducted on the left mandibular of the samples through the skin beneath molar area with perforator needle (Stabident, Miami, USA) to trabecular area; then, the needle was retrieved. Each rat in the T3 and T4 groups was injected with 50 μl of gelatin solvent while T5 and T6 groups were injected with 400,000 cells in 50 μl of gelatin solvent.
The termination of experimental animals and microscopic examination of research specimens
A termination process on mice was conducted after the duration of the research was achieved. The examination of the osteoblasts level, hematoxylin and eosin stained using Mayers (Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, USA) was used. Immunohistochemistry staining using monoclonal mouse TGF β1 antibody (Novus Biologicals, USA) and monoclonal mouse Runx2 antibody (Novus Biologicals, USA) was conducted. The microscopic observation was performed using light microscope (Nikon H600L, Tokyo, Japan), equipped with DS Fi2 300 megapixel digital camera and Nikon Image System picture editor software. Data were calculated using index scale of Remmele for immunohistochemistry and count the total of osteoblast cells (surface osteoblast and mesenchymal osteoblast) on five different fields of view in ×400 magnification.
Statistical analysis
All the data were represented in six different experimental groups. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA through SPSS software version 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P < 0.05 score was considered to be significant statistically.
RESULTS
Isolation and culture of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells
Isolation and culture of hUCMSC have been published yet. The result of that study was confirmed that the cell was hUCMSC by determining the surface marker of the isolate cell, that is, CD45−, CD73+, CD90+, and CD 105+.[11]
The expression of transforming growth factor beta 1, Runx2, and level of osteoblasts
The expression of TGF β1 is microscopically shown in [Figure 1]. The amount of TGF β1 expression in each group was depicted in the mean and standard deviation values in [Figure 2]. There was an increase of TGF β1 expression in the group with hUCMSC compared to the other groups. The lowest amount of TGF β1 expression was discovered in the osteoporotic model group (T2).
Figure 1: The microscopic result of expression transforming growth factor–β1. Arrows show transforming growth factor–beta–1 expression on immunoreactive osteogenic cell
Figure 2: Graph of mean value and standard deviation of each group on transforming growth factor–beta–1 expression. Different superscripts show a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05)
The expression of Runx2 is shown in [Figure 3]. The number of Runx2 expressions in each group is shown in the mean and standard deviations in [Figure 4]. The highest Runx2 expression is found in the group with hUCMSC compared with the other groups.
Figure 3:The microscopic result of expression Runx2. Arrows show Runx2 expression on immunoreactive osteogenic cell
Figure 4: Graph of mean value and standard deviation of each group on Runx2 expression. Different superscripts show a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05)
The osteoblast level is microscopically shown in [Figure 5]. [Figure 6] shows mean value and standard deviation for each group. The highest number of osteoblasts is found in the group with hUCMSC compared with the other groups.
Figure 5: The microscopic result of osteoblast examination on mice jaw. Arrows show the osteoblast cells
Figure 6: Graph of mean values and standard deviation of each group on the osteoblasts. Different superscripts show a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05)
DISCUSSION
The differentiation of MSC to osteoblasts is a complex process that requires synergies from regulating factors in the microenvironment. Adequate synergies will lead to activation of MSC differentiation to certain lineages through some specific transcription regulators. The differentiation of MSCs to osteoblast needs some growth factors and transcription factors including TGF β1 and Runx2.[6]
The last studies show that MSC on osteoporotic group would cause a decrease in production of TGF β1. The result showed a decreasing in production of estrogen as the consequence of ovariectomy on mice, which decreases the production of TGF β. It causes an increase in osteoclast activity and a decrease in osteoclast apoptosis.[12] Another study tended to perform different activity by providing TGF β in which this would cause an increase in differentiation of osteoblasts and increasing trabecular bone formation and also reducing bone loss in the osteopenia model caused by estrogen deficiency.[13] Alterations of the production and cell response toward growth factor would affect abnormality in bone formation.[4]
TGF β1 is the largest growth factor in human bone. TGF β1 was produced by osteoblasts as inactive propeptides and it incorporated into bone matrices. TGF β1 inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates proliferation and differentiation of preosteoblasts to support bone formation.[14] TGF β1 would be mobilized by the osteoclasts after running on the bone matrix and would attract the MSC to the site of bone resorption for osteoblast differentiation.[15]
The expressed of Runx2 by MSCs caused the differentiation into osteoblast lineage and inhibits its differentiation into another lineage.[16] Experiments using calvarial cells with negative expression of Runx2 would cause differentiation changes to adiposity.[15] Runx2 is an important transcription factor in osteogenic differentiation, one of which is the stimulation of transcriptional gene formation in osteoblasts, such as osteocalcin.[16]
In the osteoblastogenesis process, there was an increase in osteoblast in T5 and T6 group. The osteoblasts would be produced by MSCs that performed osteogenic differentiation.[13] Li discovered that MSC expression in osteoporotic group decreased significantly. This is in line with the results of this study in which it obtained a lower osteoblast cells due to the occurrence of MSC defects in osteoporotic group. The osteoinductive response would decrease significantly in osteoporotic group.[17] The decreasing of stem cell ability to proliferate and differentiate that occurred in menopause group would lead to a decreasing in osteogenic cells and reduction of mineralized matrix that caused osteoporosis.[18] Other studies showed that by administering MSC to the osteoporotic group where MSC defects occur, it would cause differentiation of MSC into a number of osteoblasts and induced bone formation.[17]
In this study, the result also showed a lower osteoblast cells in the 8 week hUCMSC group than 4 weeks. This seems to be the cause of process of bone formation, which started from 30 days after bone resorption to 90 days in the trabecular bone.[19] Providing hUCMSCs in osteoporotic mice would result in increased osteoblastogenesis ability. Runx2 would be produced by MSC and osteoprogenitor, to ensure MSC differentiates specifically into osteoblasts.[20] Several growth factors would help to stimulate osteoblast differentiation, such as TGF β1, which is a potent osteotropic polypeptide. TGF β1 conducted the proliferation and osteoblast differentiation.[19]
[21] The result showed that by providing hUCMSCs would increase the occurrence of osteogenic differentiation. It is indicated with the increase of Runx2 and TGF β1 indicators.
CONCLUSION
An increase of TGF β1 expression, Runx2, and the number of osteoblasts on osteoporotic mice that were induced by hUCMSCs shows that there is an increase in osteoblastogenesis activity. The result states that the treatment of jaw bone tissue engineering would be managed by an induction of hUCMSCs from the other side.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
