In the recent years, due to advancement and widespread availability of imaging modalities,
the incidence of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCL) has increased considerably.[1] This increased detection of asymptomatic but potentially malignant or malignant
cystic lesion poses a difficult management dilemma. Pancreatic cysts can be classified
into two groups as follows: (i) acute or chronic pancreatitis (acute fluid collections
and pseudocysts without lining epithelium lining and no malignant potential) and (ii)
cystic neoplasms lined by epithelium. The current diagnostic algorithm involves an
accurate diagnosis of cystic epithelial lesions and thereafter accurate identification
of malignant potential. The symptomatic cystic lesions or cysts with a malignant potential
are offered surgical resection. However, surgical resection is associated with high
morbidity (20%–40%) as well as mortality (~2%).[2]
[3]
[4] Therefore, there have been concerted efforts to develop minimally invasive treatment
modalities for treatment of these patients. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided pancreatic
cyst ablation (PCA) with ethanol and/or paclitaxel has been evaluated as a minimally
invasive alternative to surgery in patients who are high-risk for or refuse surgery.[5],[6] The initial results have been encouraging with complete (<5% of original cyst volume)
or partial (5%–25% of original cyst volume) image-defined response documented in 60%–70%
of patients and moreover, elimination of baseline cyst fluid DNA mutations has also
been reported.[6],[7] However, the effect of PCA on cyst sonographic morphology, cyst fluid cytology,
and the quality and quantity of cyst fluid DNA is not available, and moreover, the
long-term sustainability of the ablative effect of PCA is not known. In the news and
views of this issue, we discuss two studies that have looked at these lacunae in the
literature.
First, a prospective single center study from Indiana University Health Hospital evaluated
the morphological as well as cytological changes along with a change in cyst fluid
DNA after PCA on PCL that measured 10–50 mm in diameter and contained 5 or fewer septations.[8] Majority of patients included in this needed surgical resection but surgery was
refused either by patients or patient was declared unfit for surgery. Before, PCA
EUS morphology (i.e. septations, cyst wall thickness, the presence of nodules) and
maximal 2-dimension cross-sectional diameter was recorded. Thereafter, EUS-guided
fluid aspiration was done, and quantity, viscosity, and color of fluid were recorded.
The aspirated sample was also sent for cytology in all patients and carcinoembryonic
antigen and molecular analysis (RedPath Integrated Technologies) in selected patients.
The protocol for PCA was variable depending on the year of enrolment as the patients
were enrolled in different studies during various time periods. From 2004–2009, they
underwent initial ablation with saline solution or ethanol alone (as part of a randomized
trial) and from 2009 to 2014 they underwent PCA with ethanol plus paclitaxel (in a
prospective cohort study). Thereafter, all patients underwent follow-up EUS 2–3 months
later and during the years 2004–2009, diagnostic EUS was followed by fine-needle aspiration
(FNA) for cytology and finally an index or second ethanol lavage (depending on initial
randomization). Patients enrolled from 2009 to 2014 underwent follow-up diagnostic
EUS, repeat EUS-FNA for cytology in all patients and molecular analysis (when possible)
and finally repeat cyst ablation in patients with an initial suboptimal response.
In all patients (regardless of initial ablation regimen), repeat computed tomography
(CT), MRI, or EUS was performed 3–6 months later and then yearly.
The cyst volume was evaluated by two-dimensional (linear EUS) or three-dimensional
(CT or MRI) measurements. Two-dimensional cyst volume was measured using formula 4/3
πr3, where r represents the radius of the maximal cyst by linear EUS image. Three-dimensional
volume was calculated by the simplified formula d1 × d2 × d3/2, where d1, d2, and
d3 represent the maximal diameters in the axial, coronal, and sagittal planes, respectively.
The response was labeled as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or persistent
with <5%, 5% to 25%, and >25% change of the original cyst volume, respectively. Molecular
analysis was performed by clinically blinded laboratory personnel. DNA was isolated
by using 200 μl of pancreatic cyst fluid (Qiagen, Valencia, Calif, USA) and quantity
measured by using spectrophotometer (NanoDrop, Willmington, Del, USA). DNA amplification
was done by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR; i Cycler; BioRad, Hercules, Calif,
USA).
The authors studied 36 patients (24 females) with a mean age of 69.1 ± 12.2 years.
In 22 (61.1%) patients, the cysts were located in the body and tail with the cyst
size ranging from 10 to 50 mm. The presumed clinical diagnosis was 16 (44.4%) mucinous
cystic neoplasms (MCN), 14 (38.9%) branched intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms
(IPMN), 5 (13.9%) SCA and 1 pseudocyst. EUS guided PCA was initially performed by
using ethanol only in eight patients and in 28 patients by using a combination of
ethanol and paclitaxel injection. Second PCA was performed in 17 patients, and third
PCA was performed in only one patient. Repeat PCA was not performed in 18 patients
due to decrease cyst size in 11, acute pancreatitis in 3, decreased cyst size with
increased internal debris (n=1), pseudocyst formation at gastric wall (n=1), markedly increased internal debris (n=1), and refusal (n=1) after the first ablation. CR, PR and nonresponse were achieved in 19 out of 34
(56%), 7 (21%), and 8 (23%) patients, respectively. A total of 54 PCA (First PCA in
36 patients + Second PCA in 17+ third PCA 1 patients) were performed, and 9 patients
had procedure-related complication including pain abdomen in 4 patients. pancreatitis
in 4 patients and hemorrhage in cyst in one patient.
Post-PCA, EUS was performed in 34 patients, and it showed an increase of cyst wall
diameter in 23 of 34 patients, decrease in a number of cysts in 3 patients, loss of
septations in 5 patients, increase in septations in 2 patients and loss of mural nodule
in 5 patients. Intra-cystic debris developed in 8 patients and 1 patient developed
a new mural calcification, whereas one patient developed both mural nodule loss and
development of calcification. Post-PCA cytology assessed in 34 patients showed increased
in epithelial cellularity in 9 patients, decrease or loss of an atypical cell in five
patients and increase or newly developed atypical cell in 3 patients. Microscopically,
post-PCA increase in cyst debris was observed in 12 patients, and fluid viscosity
alteration was observed in 14 patients. No difference in sonographic or cytological
changes was present between complete responders compared to those with a partial or
nonresponse.
Preablation DNA quantity was evaluated in 20 patients who underwent PCA by using ethanol
and paclitaxel, and it revealed mean DNA quantity and quality of 60.4 ± 239.6 ng/uL
(range 1.6–1,078.0) and 29.3 ± 2.8 (range 24.3–36.8) (Ct value), respectively. Post-PCA
DNA quantity and quality was evaluated in 17 of these 20 patients and mean postablation
DNA quantity and quality were 35.8 ± 60.6 ng/uL (range 1.5–255.4) and 27.1 ± 2.9 (range
23.8–32.9), respectively. When classified by imaging response, postablation DNA amount
increased in 12 out of 17 (70.6%), including 10 of 12 (83.3%) in the CR group, whereas
overall, postablation DNA Ct value decreased in 12 of 17 (70.6%) patients, including
9 of 12 (75%) in CR group. For CR group, mean DNA quantity significantly increased
after ablation (44.8 ± 70.7 vs. 6.7 ± 9.5, P=0.023), but there was no change in quality (P=0.136). The authors concluded that EUS-guided PCA induces morphological and cytological
changes in the pancreatic cystic neoplasms, but none of these predicts overall imaging-defined
response to ablation.
The second prospective study from a Korean center evaluated the long-term impact of
EUS guided PCA in a large group of patients with PCL studied over 10 years period.[9] They enrolled 164 patients with PCL who underwent EUS-guided cyst ablation by using
Ethanol and paclitaxel. In this study, following patients were included as follows:
(i) unilocular or oligolocular cyst with 2–6 septations (ii) clinically indeterminate
cyst for which EUS FNA was indicated to obtain additional information and (iii) cysts
that increased in size during follow-up. All patients were asymptomatic, without abdominal
pain that could be ascribed to pancreatic cysts and median largest diameter was 32
mm (interquartile range [IQR] 26–41). Sixteen patients (40.2%) had unilocular cysts
and 98 patients (59.8%) had oligolocular cysts.
The cytological analysis of cyst fluid was performed in 125 (76.2%) of 164 samples
and results were as follows: “negative” in 58 (46.4%), “nondiagnostic” in 52 (41.6%),
“atypical cells” in 3 (2.4%), and “mucinous epithelium” in 12 (9.6%) patients. Based
on the cyst fluid analysis and imaging the presumed diagnoses were as follows: MCN
(n=71, 43.3%), SCN (n=16, 9.8%), IPMN (n=11, 6.7%), pseudocyst (n=3, 1.8%), and indeterminate cysts (n=63, 38.4%) patients, respectively. PCA was done using 22G needle and thereafter patients
were followed up by a CT at 3 months and further follow-up CT at 6 months interval
till resolution and yearly thereafter. Treatment response was assessed by comparing
cyst volume at the time of PCA. Responses were arbitrarily classified as complete
radiological resolution, partial resolution, or persistent cyst, corresponding to
<5%, 5%–25%, and >25% of baseline cyst volume.
As six patients were lost to follow-up, 158 patients were finally analyzed with median
follow-up of 69 months (IQR 48–81). Complete resolution was observed in 114 patients
(72.2%) and partial resolution in 31 patients (19.6%), respectively, whereas 13 patients
(8.2%) had persistent cysts. The median volume of cysts changed from 17.1 mL (IQR
13.1–25.3) at baseline to 3.1 mL (IQR 1.3–5.5) at the end of follow-up. On univariate
analysis, EUS diameter (<35 mm; P=0.04) and locularity (unilocular lesion; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with complete resolution. The rates of complete
resolution based on cystic fluid analysis were as follows: SCN, 87.5%; MCN, 76.1%;
indeterminate cysts, 67.7%; IPMN, 50.0% (P > 0.05). On multivariate analysis, unilocular lesion (odds ratio [OR] 7.12, 95% confidence
interval [CI] 2.72–18.67; P < 0.001) and smaller cyst diameter (OR 2.39, 95%CI 1.11–5.16, P=0.02) were independent predictors of complete resolution. There were 16 adverse events
(9.8%; 1 severe, 4 moderate. and 11 mild) with early adverse events being fever without
documented bacteremia on blood culture (n=1), pericystic spillage (n=1), intracystic hemorrhage (n=1), and acute pancreatitis (n=6) and late adverse events (after 14 days) being pseudocyst (n=2), abscess formation (n=2), portal vein thrombosis (n=1), splenic vein obliteration (n=1), and main pancreatic duct stricture requiring endoscopic stent placement (n=1).
On a follow-up of the median of 72 months, patients with initial complete resolution,
radiological recurrence of the cyst was found in only two patients (1.7%) and recurrent
cysts (presumed MCN 1 and indeterminate cyst 1) were found after cyst-free intervals
of 36 and 48 months, respectively. More importantly, no malignancy was discovered
during follow-up. The authors concluded that among patients with pancreatic cysts
in whom complete resolution was achieved after EUS-guided PCA, 98.3% remained in remission
at 6-year follow-up and unilocular form, as well as small cyst size, were predictive
of complete resolution.
COMMENTARY
EUS-PCA with ethanol alone or in combination with paclitaxel has emerged as a safe
and feasible alternative to surgery in the management of benign or potentially malignant
cystic lesions of the pancreas.[5],[6] Previous studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of PCA have evaluated short-term
response to ablation by follow-up cross-sectional imaging or surgery that has been
performed after ablation. The EUS, cytological, and molecular changes following PCA
have not been evaluated nor the long-term durability to the cyst ablation. The study
by Kim et al.,[8] found that ablation was associated with an increase in cyst wall diameter in 68%
of patients, along with decreased number or loss of septations in 39%, increased internal
debris in 24% and loss of mural nodule loss or calcification in 21% patients. The
increase in cyst wall diameter may be due to epithelial denuding, fibrosis and chronic
inflammation of the wall. They also found that ablation increased the quantity and
decreased the quality of cyst fluid DNA suggesting that mutant cyst fluid DNA may
be eliminated with PCA.[7] However, none of these morphological or cytological changes predicted overall imaging-defined
response to ablation. The study by Choi et al. concluded that EUS PCA has a long-term durable response rate and acceptable complications
rate.[9] The low recurrence rate of 1.7% on a long-term follow-up is reassuring and suggests
that EUS-guided-PCA could be an alternative option for surgery in selected cases for
the management of PCL.
Both these studies had important limitations. The study by Kim et al. used different ablative regimens for the study population that may have led to different
outcomes. Furthermore, DNA changes were only looked in 17 patients treated with combined
ethanol and paclitaxel and no surgical or histological samples of the treated cysts
were obtained in any patient. The single arm, a noncomparative study by Choi et al. had an important limitation that the diagnosis in most of the patients was a presumptive
diagnosis based on imaging and cyst fluid analysis. Moreover, as the treated patients
had no or minimal risk factors for malignancy, the risk of development of malignancy
associated with the ablated cysts was probably very low both at baseline and during
follow-up.
Despite these limitations, both these studies are important studies that have shed
light on important lacunae in our understanding of the endoscopic management of PCL,
and thus EUS-PCA could be considered a possible alternative to surgery in those patients
who are unfit for or refuse surgery.
