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DOI: 10.4338/ACI-2014-09-RA-0077
Convergent evolution of health information management and health informatics
A perspective on the future of information professionals in health careCorrespondence to:
Publikationsverlauf
received:
29. September 2014
accepted:
02. Februar 2015
Publikationsdatum:
19. Dezember 2017 (online)
Summary
Clearly defined boundaries are disappearing among the activities, sources, and uses of health care data and information managed by health information management (HIM) and health informatics (HI) professionals. Definitions of the professional domains and scopes of practice for HIM and HI are converging with the proliferation of information and communication technologies in health care settings. Convergence is changing both the roles that HIM and HI professionals serve in their organizations as well as the competencies necessary for training future professionals. Many of these changes suggest a blurring of roles and responsibilities with increasingly overlapping curricula, job descriptions, and research agendas. Blurred lines in a highly competitive market create confusion for students and employers.
In this essay, we provide some perspective on the changing landscape and suggest a course for the future. First we review the evolving definitions of HIM and HI. We next compare the current domains and competencies, review the characteristics as well as the education and credentialing of both disciplines, and examine areas of convergence. Given the current state, we suggest a path forward to strengthen the contributions HIM and HI professionals and educators make to the evolving health care environment.
Citation: Gibson CJ, Dixon BE, Abrams K. Convergent evolution of health information management and health informatics – a perspective on the future of information professionals in health care. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 163–184
http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-09-RA-0077
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Conflict of Interest
CJG serves as a university liaison for the College of Education and Professional Practice and was past chair of CHIMA. BED is a member of the HIMSS Distance Education Committee, which provides strategic guidance to HIMSS on its educational programming as well as the CPHIMS and CAHIMS certifications. KA is the Vice President of CCHIM, which is responsible for accreditation and certification of HIM professionals in Canada.
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References
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- 2 Furukawa MF, Patel V, Charles D, Swain M, Mostashari F. Hospital electronic health information exchange grew substantially in 2008–12. Health Affairs (Project Hope) 2013; 32 (08) 1346-1354. Epub 2013/08/07.
- 3 Patel V, Jamoom E, Hsiao CJ, Furukawa MF, Buntin M. Variation in electronic health record adoption and readiness for meaningful use: 2008–2011. J Gen Intern Med 2013; 28 (07) 957-964. Epub 2013/02/02.
- 4 Canada Health Infoway.. The emerging benefits of electronic medical record use in community-based care. Ontario, Canada: PwC;. 2013 [cited 2014 Jun 13]; Available from: http://www.pwc.com/ca/en/healthcare/electronic-medical-record-use-community-based-care.jhtml.
- 5 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.. Meaningful Use. Baltimore, MD: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; 2013 [updated Aug 23; cited 2013 Aug 27]; Available from: https://www.cms.gov/Regu/lations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Meaningful_Use.html.
- 6 Furukawa MF, Poon E. Meaningful use of health information technology: evidence suggests benefits and challenges lie ahead. Am J Manag Care 2011; 17 12 Spec No. SP76a-SP. Epub 2012/06/27.
- 7 Canada Health Infoway.. Progress in Canada. [cited 2014 Jun 13]; Available from: https://www.infoway-in/foroute.ca/index.php/progress-in-canada.
- 8 Whipple EC, Dixon BE, McGowan JJ. Linking health information technology to patient safety and quality outcomes: a bibliometric analysis and review. Inform Health Soc Care 2013; 38 (01) 1-14. Epub 2012/06/05.
- 9 Blaya JA, Fraser HS, Holt B. E-health technologies show promise in developing countries. Health affairs (Project Hope) 2010; 29 (02) 244-251. Epub 2010/03/30.
- 10 Bates DW, Gawande AA. Improving safety with information technology. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (25) 2526-2534. Epub 2003/06/20.
- 11 Dixon B, Grannis S. Public Health Informatics Infrastructure. In: Magnuson JA, Fu JPC. editors. Public Health Informatics and Information Systems. Springer London: 2014 p. 69-88.
- 12 Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections.. Computer and Information Systems Managers. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2014 [updated January 8; cited 2014 May 22]; Available from: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/computer-and-information-systems-managers.htm.
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- 14 Prism Economics and Analysis.. 2014 Health Informatics and Health Information Management: Human Resources Outlook 2014 –2019. Toronto, ON:: Prism Economics and Analysis..
- 15 Science Daily.. Convergent evolution, excerpted from Wikipedia [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/convergent_evolution.htm
- 16 Brodnick MS.. The health informatics and information management profession. In Abdelhak, M, Gros-tick, S, Hanken, MA. (editors). Health information: Management of a strategic resource. , 4th ed. St. Louis:: Elsevier Saunders; 2012
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- 18 Abrams KJ, Gibson CJ. (editors). Fundamentals of health information management, 2nd ed. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Healthcare Association; 2013. Pg. 1
- 19 Fourman M.. Informatics. 2002. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. Informatics Research Report EDIINF-RR-0139. [Accessed 2015 Jan 10]; Available from http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/online.0139.pdf
- 20 Hersh W.. A stimulus to define informatics and health information technology. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2009; 9: 24. doi: 10.1186/1472–6947–9–24
- 21 Kulikowski CA, Shortliffe EH, Currie LM, Elkin PL, Hunter LE, Johnson TR, Kalet IJ, Lenert LA, Musen MA, Ozbolt JG, Smith JW, Tarczy-Hornoch PZ, Williamson JJ. AMIA Board white paper: definition of biomedical informatics and specification of core competencies for graduate education in the discipline. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2012; 19 (06) 931-938.
- 22 The Science of Informatics. Bethesda, MD: American Medical Informatics Association; [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics.
- 23 Clinical Informatics. Bethesda, MD: American Medical Informatics Association; [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.amia.org/applications-informatics/clinical-informatics.
- 24 Magnuson JA, O’Carroll P. Introduction to Public Health Informatics. In: Magnuson JA, Fu JPC. editors. Public Health Informatics and Information Systems:; Springer London: 2014. p. 3-18.
- 25 COACH.. About Us: Vibrant, diverse community. 2014 [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://coachorg.com/en/membership/About-Us.asp
- 26 HIMSS Legacy Workgroup.. History of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Chicago, IL: HIMSS;. 2013 [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.himss.org/files/HIMSSorg/content/files/HistoryHIMSS_January2013.pdf.
- 27 HIMSS Local Chapters.. Chicago, IL: HIMSS;. 2014 [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.himss.org/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=18685.
- 28 About HIMSS Ontario Chapter. Toronto: HIMSS; [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.ontario/himss.org.
- 29 Krumholz HM. Big data and new knowledge in medicine: the thinking, training, and tools needed for a learning health system. Health Affairs (Project Hope) 2014; 33 (07) 1163-1170.
- 30 Hunter K, McGonigle D, Hebda T. The integration of informatics content in baccalaureate and graduate nursing education: a status report. Nurse Educ 2013; 38 (03) 110-113.
- 31 AFPC (Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada) & Canada Health Infoway.. Pharmacy Informatics: Entry-to-practice competencies for pharmacists. 2013. Available at: http://www.afpc.ca/info.
- 32 McGowan JJ, Passiment M, Hoffman HM. Educating medical students as competent users of health information technologies: the MSOP data. Studies in health technology and informatics 2007; 129 Pt 2 1414-1418.
- 33 Singh H, Spitzmueller C, Petersen NJ, Sawhney MK, Sittig DF. Information overload and missed test results in electronic health record-based settings. JAMA internal medicine 2013; 173 (08) 702-704. Epub 2013/03/06.
- 34 Markman M. Information overload in oncology practice and its potential negative impact on the delivery of optimal patient care. Current oncology reports 2011; 13 (04) 249-251. Epub 2011/05/12.
- 35 Zeldes N, Baum N. Information overload in medical practice. The Journal of medical practice management: MPM 2011; 26 (05) 314-316. Epub 2011/05/21.
- 36 Bernard E, Arnould M, Saint-Lary O, Duhot D, Hebbrecht G. Internet use for information seeking in clinical practice: a cross-sectional survey among French general practitioners. Int J Med Inform 2012; 81 (07) 493-499. Epub 2012/03/20.
- 37 Graham-Jones P, Jain SH, Friedman P, Marcotte L, Blumenthal D.. The need to incorporate health information technology into physicians’ education and professional development. Health Affairs 2012; 31 (03) 481-487. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0423
- 38 Learning Outcomes for Health Information Management: Diploma/Degree Programs. 2010 CHIMA, London, ON.:
- 39 Mantas J, Ammenwerth E, Demiris G, Hasman A, Haux R, Hersh W, Hovenga E, Lun KC, Marin H., Martin-Sanchez F., Wright G.. Recommendations of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) on education in biomedical and health informatics. First Revision. Methods Inf Med 2010; 49 (02) 105-120. Epub 2010/01/08.
- 40 IMIA Accreditation (pilot). Geneva, Switzerland: International Medical Informatics Association; 2014 [updated 16 Jan 2014; cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.imia-medinfo.org/new2/node/449.
- 41 Detmer DE, Shortliffe EH. Clinical informatics: prospects for a new medical subspecialty. JAMA 2014; 311 (20) 2067-2068 . Epub 2014/05/16.
- 42 American Board of Preventative Medicine.. Clinical Informatics Board Certification; 2013. [cited November 21, 2014]. Available at: http://www.theabpm.org/abpm_clinical_informatics.pdf
- 43 Gardner RM, Overhage JM, Steen EB, Munger BS, Holmes JH, Williamson JJ, Detmer DE. AMIA Board of Directors.. Core content for the subspecialty of clinical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009; 16 (02) 153-157. Epub 2008/12/17.
- 44 Safran C, Shabot MM, Munger BS, Holmes JH, Steen EB, Lumpkin JR. Detmer.. DE, for the AMIA Board of Directors. AMIA Board White Paper: Program requirements for fellowship education in the subspecialty of clinical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009; 16 (02) 158-166. Epub 2008/12/17.
- 45 Advanced Interprofessional Informatics Certification (AIIC) Program.. American Medical Informatics Association; 2014. [cited November 21, 2014]. Available from: http://www.amia.org/advanced-interprofes/sional-informatics-certification
- 46 CAHIIM, Commission on Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education –Curriculum Requirements for Health Information Management (HIM) Programmatic Accreditation (Graduate Education). Available at:
- 47 CAHIIM, Commission on Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education –Curriculum Requirements for Health Informatics Programmatic Accreditation (Graduate Education)
- 48 Joint Work Force Task Force.. Health Information Management and Informatics: Core Competencies for Individuals Working With Electronic Health Records. AHIMA and AMIA; 2008
- 49 Canadian Health Information Management Association (CHIMA).. Transformation of Health Information Management: The evolution of the HIM profession. 2013 London, ON.
- 50 American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA).. Health Information Careers –Career Mapping. [cited 2014 June 29]. Available at: http://hicareers.com/CareerMap
- 51 COACH: Canada’s Health Informatics Association. Health Informatics Professional Core Competencies, Version 3.0. November 2012, Toronto, ON.
- 52 COACH: Canada’s Health Informatics Association.. Health Informatics Professional Career Matrix. Available at: http://www.coachorg.com/en/resourcecentre/resources/COACH-Career-Matrix.pdf
- 53 Dixon BE, Rosenman M, Xia Y, Grannis SJ. A vision for the systematic monitoring and improvement of the quality of electronic health data. Studies in health technology and informatics 2013; 192: 884-888. Epub 2013/08/08.
- 54 Dixon BE, Siegel JA, Oemig TV, Grannis SJ. Electronic health information quality challenges and interventions to improve public health surveillance data and practice. Public Health Rep 2013; 128 (06) 546-553. Epub 2013/11/02.
- 55 Weiskopf NG, Weng C. Methods and dimensions of electronic health record data quality assessment: enabling reuse for clinical research. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2013; 20 (01) 144-151. Epub 2012/06/27.
- 56 Sariyar M, Borg A, Heidinger O, Pommerening K. A practical framework for data management processes and their evaluation in population-based medical registries. Inform Health Soc Care 2013; 38 (02) 104-119. Epub 2013/01/18.
- 57 Fenton S, Giannangelo K, Kallem C, Scichilone R. Data standards, data quality, and interoperability (up-dated). J AHIMA 2013; 84 (11) 64-69. Epub 2013/12/11.
- 58 Clark JS, Delgado VA, Demorsky S, Dunagan EA, Eichelmann TA, Hooper LA, Landsbach G, Meehan AM, Neville DL, Nunn SL. Assessing and improving EHR data quality (updated). J AHIMA 2013; 84 (03) 48-53. Epub 2013/04/06.
- 59 Conestoga College.. Applied health information science (Bachelor of) (Co-op). Program details. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.conestogac.on.ca/fulltime/1131C.jsp
- 60 University of Washington.. Masters of Health Informatics & Health Information Management. Our Program. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.health-informatics.uw.edu/our-program
- 61 Louisiana Tech University.. Department of Health Informatics & Information Management. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://him.latech.edu
- 62 The University of Tennessee Health Science Center.. Health Informatics & Information Management. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.uthsc.edu/health-professions/him/index.php
- 63 University of Illinois at Chicago.. Masters in Health Informatics & Health Information Management Degrees. [cited 2014 Sept8]. Available at: http://healthinformatics.uic.edu
- 64 Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis.. School of Computing and Informatics. Department of BioHealth Informatics. [cited 2104 Sept 8]. Available at: http://soic.iupui.edu/departments/biohealth
- 65 Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU).. Biomedical Informatics Educational Programs, 2014. [Accessed 2014 Nov 14] Available at: http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/dmice/educational-programs/index.cfm
- 66 Health IT Certification.. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.healthitcertification.com/index.html
Correspondence to:
-
References
- 1 Desroches CM, Charles D, Furukawa MF, Joshi MS, Kralovec P, Mostashari F, Worzala C., Jha AK.. Adoption of electronic health records grows rapidly, but fewer than half of US hospitals had at Least a basic system in 2012. Health Affairs (Project Hope) 2013; 32 (08) 1478-1485. Epub 2013/07/11.
- 2 Furukawa MF, Patel V, Charles D, Swain M, Mostashari F. Hospital electronic health information exchange grew substantially in 2008–12. Health Affairs (Project Hope) 2013; 32 (08) 1346-1354. Epub 2013/08/07.
- 3 Patel V, Jamoom E, Hsiao CJ, Furukawa MF, Buntin M. Variation in electronic health record adoption and readiness for meaningful use: 2008–2011. J Gen Intern Med 2013; 28 (07) 957-964. Epub 2013/02/02.
- 4 Canada Health Infoway.. The emerging benefits of electronic medical record use in community-based care. Ontario, Canada: PwC;. 2013 [cited 2014 Jun 13]; Available from: http://www.pwc.com/ca/en/healthcare/electronic-medical-record-use-community-based-care.jhtml.
- 5 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.. Meaningful Use. Baltimore, MD: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services; 2013 [updated Aug 23; cited 2013 Aug 27]; Available from: https://www.cms.gov/Regu/lations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentivePrograms/Meaningful_Use.html.
- 6 Furukawa MF, Poon E. Meaningful use of health information technology: evidence suggests benefits and challenges lie ahead. Am J Manag Care 2011; 17 12 Spec No. SP76a-SP. Epub 2012/06/27.
- 7 Canada Health Infoway.. Progress in Canada. [cited 2014 Jun 13]; Available from: https://www.infoway-in/foroute.ca/index.php/progress-in-canada.
- 8 Whipple EC, Dixon BE, McGowan JJ. Linking health information technology to patient safety and quality outcomes: a bibliometric analysis and review. Inform Health Soc Care 2013; 38 (01) 1-14. Epub 2012/06/05.
- 9 Blaya JA, Fraser HS, Holt B. E-health technologies show promise in developing countries. Health affairs (Project Hope) 2010; 29 (02) 244-251. Epub 2010/03/30.
- 10 Bates DW, Gawande AA. Improving safety with information technology. N Engl J Med 2003; 348 (25) 2526-2534. Epub 2003/06/20.
- 11 Dixon B, Grannis S. Public Health Informatics Infrastructure. In: Magnuson JA, Fu JPC. editors. Public Health Informatics and Information Systems. Springer London: 2014 p. 69-88.
- 12 Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections.. Computer and Information Systems Managers. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2014 [updated January 8; cited 2014 May 22]; Available from: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/computer-and-information-systems-managers.htm.
- 13 Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections.. Medical Records and Health Information Technicians. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; 2014 [updated January 8; cited 2014 May 22]; Available from: http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/medical-records-and-health-information-technicians.htm.
- 14 Prism Economics and Analysis.. 2014 Health Informatics and Health Information Management: Human Resources Outlook 2014 –2019. Toronto, ON:: Prism Economics and Analysis..
- 15 Science Daily.. Convergent evolution, excerpted from Wikipedia [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/convergent_evolution.htm
- 16 Brodnick MS.. The health informatics and information management profession. In Abdelhak, M, Gros-tick, S, Hanken, MA. (editors). Health information: Management of a strategic resource. , 4th ed. St. Louis:: Elsevier Saunders; 2012
- 17 Crook G, Abrams KJ, Arnold G.. The health information management professional. In: Abrams, KJ, Gibson, CJ (editors). Fundamentals of health information management. , 2nd ed. Ottawa, ON:: Canadian Healthcare Association; 2013 Pp. 7-25.
- 18 Abrams KJ, Gibson CJ. (editors). Fundamentals of health information management, 2nd ed. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Healthcare Association; 2013. Pg. 1
- 19 Fourman M.. Informatics. 2002. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. Informatics Research Report EDIINF-RR-0139. [Accessed 2015 Jan 10]; Available from http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/publications/online.0139.pdf
- 20 Hersh W.. A stimulus to define informatics and health information technology. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2009; 9: 24. doi: 10.1186/1472–6947–9–24
- 21 Kulikowski CA, Shortliffe EH, Currie LM, Elkin PL, Hunter LE, Johnson TR, Kalet IJ, Lenert LA, Musen MA, Ozbolt JG, Smith JW, Tarczy-Hornoch PZ, Williamson JJ. AMIA Board white paper: definition of biomedical informatics and specification of core competencies for graduate education in the discipline. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2012; 19 (06) 931-938.
- 22 The Science of Informatics. Bethesda, MD: American Medical Informatics Association; [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.amia.org/about-amia/science-informatics.
- 23 Clinical Informatics. Bethesda, MD: American Medical Informatics Association; [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.amia.org/applications-informatics/clinical-informatics.
- 24 Magnuson JA, O’Carroll P. Introduction to Public Health Informatics. In: Magnuson JA, Fu JPC. editors. Public Health Informatics and Information Systems:; Springer London: 2014. p. 3-18.
- 25 COACH.. About Us: Vibrant, diverse community. 2014 [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://coachorg.com/en/membership/About-Us.asp
- 26 HIMSS Legacy Workgroup.. History of the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Chicago, IL: HIMSS;. 2013 [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.himss.org/files/HIMSSorg/content/files/HistoryHIMSS_January2013.pdf.
- 27 HIMSS Local Chapters.. Chicago, IL: HIMSS;. 2014 [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.himss.org/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=18685.
- 28 About HIMSS Ontario Chapter. Toronto: HIMSS; [cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.ontario/himss.org.
- 29 Krumholz HM. Big data and new knowledge in medicine: the thinking, training, and tools needed for a learning health system. Health Affairs (Project Hope) 2014; 33 (07) 1163-1170.
- 30 Hunter K, McGonigle D, Hebda T. The integration of informatics content in baccalaureate and graduate nursing education: a status report. Nurse Educ 2013; 38 (03) 110-113.
- 31 AFPC (Association of Faculties of Pharmacy of Canada) & Canada Health Infoway.. Pharmacy Informatics: Entry-to-practice competencies for pharmacists. 2013. Available at: http://www.afpc.ca/info.
- 32 McGowan JJ, Passiment M, Hoffman HM. Educating medical students as competent users of health information technologies: the MSOP data. Studies in health technology and informatics 2007; 129 Pt 2 1414-1418.
- 33 Singh H, Spitzmueller C, Petersen NJ, Sawhney MK, Sittig DF. Information overload and missed test results in electronic health record-based settings. JAMA internal medicine 2013; 173 (08) 702-704. Epub 2013/03/06.
- 34 Markman M. Information overload in oncology practice and its potential negative impact on the delivery of optimal patient care. Current oncology reports 2011; 13 (04) 249-251. Epub 2011/05/12.
- 35 Zeldes N, Baum N. Information overload in medical practice. The Journal of medical practice management: MPM 2011; 26 (05) 314-316. Epub 2011/05/21.
- 36 Bernard E, Arnould M, Saint-Lary O, Duhot D, Hebbrecht G. Internet use for information seeking in clinical practice: a cross-sectional survey among French general practitioners. Int J Med Inform 2012; 81 (07) 493-499. Epub 2012/03/20.
- 37 Graham-Jones P, Jain SH, Friedman P, Marcotte L, Blumenthal D.. The need to incorporate health information technology into physicians’ education and professional development. Health Affairs 2012; 31 (03) 481-487. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0423
- 38 Learning Outcomes for Health Information Management: Diploma/Degree Programs. 2010 CHIMA, London, ON.:
- 39 Mantas J, Ammenwerth E, Demiris G, Hasman A, Haux R, Hersh W, Hovenga E, Lun KC, Marin H., Martin-Sanchez F., Wright G.. Recommendations of the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) on education in biomedical and health informatics. First Revision. Methods Inf Med 2010; 49 (02) 105-120. Epub 2010/01/08.
- 40 IMIA Accreditation (pilot). Geneva, Switzerland: International Medical Informatics Association; 2014 [updated 16 Jan 2014; cited 2014 Jul 25]; Available from: http://www.imia-medinfo.org/new2/node/449.
- 41 Detmer DE, Shortliffe EH. Clinical informatics: prospects for a new medical subspecialty. JAMA 2014; 311 (20) 2067-2068 . Epub 2014/05/16.
- 42 American Board of Preventative Medicine.. Clinical Informatics Board Certification; 2013. [cited November 21, 2014]. Available at: http://www.theabpm.org/abpm_clinical_informatics.pdf
- 43 Gardner RM, Overhage JM, Steen EB, Munger BS, Holmes JH, Williamson JJ, Detmer DE. AMIA Board of Directors.. Core content for the subspecialty of clinical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009; 16 (02) 153-157. Epub 2008/12/17.
- 44 Safran C, Shabot MM, Munger BS, Holmes JH, Steen EB, Lumpkin JR. Detmer.. DE, for the AMIA Board of Directors. AMIA Board White Paper: Program requirements for fellowship education in the subspecialty of clinical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009; 16 (02) 158-166. Epub 2008/12/17.
- 45 Advanced Interprofessional Informatics Certification (AIIC) Program.. American Medical Informatics Association; 2014. [cited November 21, 2014]. Available from: http://www.amia.org/advanced-interprofes/sional-informatics-certification
- 46 CAHIIM, Commission on Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education –Curriculum Requirements for Health Information Management (HIM) Programmatic Accreditation (Graduate Education). Available at:
- 47 CAHIIM, Commission on Accreditation for Health Informatics and Information Management Education –Curriculum Requirements for Health Informatics Programmatic Accreditation (Graduate Education)
- 48 Joint Work Force Task Force.. Health Information Management and Informatics: Core Competencies for Individuals Working With Electronic Health Records. AHIMA and AMIA; 2008
- 49 Canadian Health Information Management Association (CHIMA).. Transformation of Health Information Management: The evolution of the HIM profession. 2013 London, ON.
- 50 American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA).. Health Information Careers –Career Mapping. [cited 2014 June 29]. Available at: http://hicareers.com/CareerMap
- 51 COACH: Canada’s Health Informatics Association. Health Informatics Professional Core Competencies, Version 3.0. November 2012, Toronto, ON.
- 52 COACH: Canada’s Health Informatics Association.. Health Informatics Professional Career Matrix. Available at: http://www.coachorg.com/en/resourcecentre/resources/COACH-Career-Matrix.pdf
- 53 Dixon BE, Rosenman M, Xia Y, Grannis SJ. A vision for the systematic monitoring and improvement of the quality of electronic health data. Studies in health technology and informatics 2013; 192: 884-888. Epub 2013/08/08.
- 54 Dixon BE, Siegel JA, Oemig TV, Grannis SJ. Electronic health information quality challenges and interventions to improve public health surveillance data and practice. Public Health Rep 2013; 128 (06) 546-553. Epub 2013/11/02.
- 55 Weiskopf NG, Weng C. Methods and dimensions of electronic health record data quality assessment: enabling reuse for clinical research. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2013; 20 (01) 144-151. Epub 2012/06/27.
- 56 Sariyar M, Borg A, Heidinger O, Pommerening K. A practical framework for data management processes and their evaluation in population-based medical registries. Inform Health Soc Care 2013; 38 (02) 104-119. Epub 2013/01/18.
- 57 Fenton S, Giannangelo K, Kallem C, Scichilone R. Data standards, data quality, and interoperability (up-dated). J AHIMA 2013; 84 (11) 64-69. Epub 2013/12/11.
- 58 Clark JS, Delgado VA, Demorsky S, Dunagan EA, Eichelmann TA, Hooper LA, Landsbach G, Meehan AM, Neville DL, Nunn SL. Assessing and improving EHR data quality (updated). J AHIMA 2013; 84 (03) 48-53. Epub 2013/04/06.
- 59 Conestoga College.. Applied health information science (Bachelor of) (Co-op). Program details. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.conestogac.on.ca/fulltime/1131C.jsp
- 60 University of Washington.. Masters of Health Informatics & Health Information Management. Our Program. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.health-informatics.uw.edu/our-program
- 61 Louisiana Tech University.. Department of Health Informatics & Information Management. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://him.latech.edu
- 62 The University of Tennessee Health Science Center.. Health Informatics & Information Management. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.uthsc.edu/health-professions/him/index.php
- 63 University of Illinois at Chicago.. Masters in Health Informatics & Health Information Management Degrees. [cited 2014 Sept8]. Available at: http://healthinformatics.uic.edu
- 64 Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis.. School of Computing and Informatics. Department of BioHealth Informatics. [cited 2104 Sept 8]. Available at: http://soic.iupui.edu/departments/biohealth
- 65 Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU).. Biomedical Informatics Educational Programs, 2014. [Accessed 2014 Nov 14] Available at: http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/education/schools/school-of-medicine/departments/clinical-departments/dmice/educational-programs/index.cfm
- 66 Health IT Certification.. [cited 2014 Sept 8]. Available at: http://www.healthitcertification.com/index.html