Keywords:
Rhabdomyosarcoma - Bone Neoplasma - Chemotherapy
Descritores:
Rabdomiossarcoma - Neoplasia ossea - Quimioterapia
INTRODUCTION
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood, corresponding 4.5% of all childhood malignancies([1]
[2]) with approximately 250 new cases per year in the United States of America.([3])
RMS is a high-grade malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin and is part of the group of small, round azurophilic neoplasms such as neuroblastoma, lymphoma, and tumors of the Ewing family. There are four recognized histological types, and these have prognostic value for the disease: 1) alveolar (ARMS); 2) embryonic (ERMS); 3) pleomorphic; 4) sclerotic/ spindle cell.([4]) The pleomorphic and spindle cell sclerosing subtypes are the most common variants in adults.([3])
The different levels of atypia of rhabdomyoblasts are a hallmark of the tumor. In immunohistochemistry, positivity for the expression of the protein MyoD1, myogenin (Myf4), desmin and muscle-specific actin are important for the diagnosis.([3]
[5])
The bone lesion of RMS is most often as metastatic lesions or direct invasion from soft tissue adjacent mass. These lesions are usually small in comparison to the primary bone tumors or soft tissue tumors. Otherwise, primary bone lesions usually demonstrate more bone destruction and a bigger size. Primary bone RMS is characterized by bone damage without the identification of a primary soft tissue tumor or by a soft tissue component that is typically due to invasion by the primary intraosseous tumor.([6])
Imaging studies of intraosseous RMS are non-specific and difficult to differentiate from other sarcomas. The tumor usually presents an osteolytic appearance on radiographs. It may have an isointense appearance with the adjacent musculature at T1 weighted MRI and hyperintense appearance at T2. The alveolar and pleomorphic subtypes may have areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. Post-contrast series shows an unspecific enhanced signal. This set of characteristics is common to a variable range of sarcomas and not specific for RMS diagnosis.([7])
Currently, the recommended treatment for RMS is multimodal with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The survivorship with this kind of treatment on children with localized disease may be greater than 60%. However, the 2-year survival rate of patients with pleomorphic RMS, mostly adults, remains below 30%.([2])
We found fourteen cases of primary bone RMS reported in the literature. This work aims to present a new case of intraosseous rhabdomyosarcoma and carry out a bibliographic review of the current literature.
The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. She has consented and made a formal consent term.
CASE REPORT
We present a case of a 19-year-old female patient referred from another service with three months complain of progressive pain in the left thigh associated with an increase in diameter. She did not have any positive history for previous diseases and no familiar history for oncological diseases.
The physical exam was unremarkable except by a palpable and painful mass on the left tight, without alteration on neurological and vascular functions in the limb.
The radiographic study showed a lytic lesion in the distal third of femur diaphysis with rupture of the medial cortical. The X-ray image was compatible with the differential diagnosis of primary malignant bone tumors and the main hypothesis was of osteogenic sarcoma ([Figure 1]).
Figure 1 Radiographic image showing lytic lesion on femoral distal diaphysis with medial cortical rupture.
The patient underwent systemic and local staging. The tests were negative for metastatic disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an intramedullary mass with medial femoral cortex disruption and an important soft tissue component, without vascular involvement ([Figure 2]). Despite the protection with the use of crutches, the patient developed a pathological fracture one week after staging exams, while moving in bed (low-energy trauma).
Figure 2 MRI image showing intramedullary lesion with hypersignal T2-weighetd with cortical rupture and extra-bone mass.
Upon arrival at our service, the patient had already undergone a needle biopsy. The anatomopathological report was suggestive of high-grade osteosarcoma.
The surgical anatomopathological study showed an infiltrative sarcoma of spindle cells with a high proliferation rate, without osteoid production. The morphological aspect highlighted by the expression of desmin and the positivity of myogenin has supported the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma.[Figures 3] and [4]
shows hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stain.[Table 1] and [Figures 5] and [6]
represent the immunohistochemistry panel.
Figure 3 Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stain (low and high power).
Figure 4 Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stain (low and high power).
Figure 5 Immunohistochemistry slide showing strong cytoplasmatic and focal reactivity (desmine).
Figure 6 Immunohistochemistry slide showing strong nuclear and focal reactivity (miogenine).
Table 1
Immunohistochemistry panel with an expression of desmine and myogenine.
|
Antigen
|
Result
|
|
Desmine
|
Positive
|
|
Myogenine
|
Positive
|
|
HHF35
|
Focal positive
|
|
CD99
|
Positive
|
|
FLI-1
|
Positive
|
|
Enolase
|
Positive
|
|
Chromogranin
|
Negative
|
|
AE1AE3
|
Positive - rare cells
|
|
Ki-67
|
Positive in 60-70%
|
The treatment chemotherapy protocol for highgrade non-metastatic osteosarcoma was started (cisplatin, doxorubicin, and methotrexate).([8]) After 14 weeks, was performed the tumor local control with diaphyseal femoral resection and reconstruction with a mega prosthesis.
The anatomopathological analysis of the surgical specimen showed a good response to the chemotherapy treatment containing less than 10% viable tumor, non-reactive neoplasia, and margins free of disease. Adjuvant chemotherapy was modified for a new diagnosis based on the pathological review and surgical resection analysis. Post-operative chemotherapy was performed with four cycles of ifosfamide and etoposide intercalated with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC). After the third cycle of chemotherapy, a patient underwent adjuvant radiotherapy with the inclusion of the entire length of the surgical site (total dose of 50 Grays).
The patient evaluated well, with no operative complications until then (15 months postoperative follow-up). After the motor rehabilitation period, she uses crutches for walking long distances. The patient keeps in an orthopedic and oncological postoperative follow-up, with a current disease-free status.
DISCUSSION
The literature review has shown few reports of primary bone RMS.([1]
[7]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]) Of the fifteen cases presented so far (including this one), two did not have a specified subtype and one of them did not give access to full data ([Table 2]). The ERMS and ARMS subtypes were concentrated in younger patients while all pleomorphic subtypes were diagnosed in patients over 30-years-old. There were no reports of intraosseous RMS of the sclerosing subtype. Pathological fracture is frequently found on bone rhabdomyosarcoma. We found 14 cases([7]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[16]
[18]
[19]) evolved with pathological fracture after or during diagnostic investigation. In all of these cases, the tumor was present in the femur, four diaphyseal([7]
[11]
[16]
[17]) and one located in the distal region of the femur.([9]) The most common locations for intraosseous RMS are femoral diaphysis.([2]
[7]
[12]
[17]
[18]) followed for diffuse involvement of bone.([1]
[5]
[10]) Other cases reported showed up on the distal femur,([9]) proximal femur,([18]) proximal fibula,([11]) sacrum,([6]) iliac,([14]) and humerus.([17]) Osteolytic lesions were the main pattern,([2]
[11]
[17]) followed by permeated infiltration, eventually associated with some soft tissue component.
Table 2
Relation of previous case reports about bone RMS.
|
|
Age (years)
|
Gender
|
Site
|
Classification
|
|
Pasquel et al. (1976)([15])
|
13
|
Female
|
Femur - Diaphysis
|
ERMS
|
|
Hsueh et al. (1986)([9])
|
11
|
Male
|
Distal femur
|
ERMS
|
|
Oda et al. (1993)([14])
|
32
|
Male
|
Iliac bone
|
ERMS
|
|
Lamovec et al. (1994)([12])
|
31
|
Male
|
Tibia
|
Pleomorphic RMS
|
|
Rashid et al. (1994)([16])
|
68
|
Female
|
Femur - diaphysis
|
Pleomorphic RMS
|
|
Thomas et al. (2002)([17])
|
22
|
Male
|
Humerus
|
NA
|
|
Lucas et al. (1996)([13])
|
7
|
Female
|
Femur - diaphysis
|
ERMS
|
|
Wang et al. (2000)([18])
|
46
|
Male
|
Proximal femur
|
Pleomorphic RMS
|
|
Kordek et al. (2007)([11])
|
21
|
Male
|
Proximal fibula
|
RMS (no subtype)
|
|
Hakozaki et al. (2008)([6])
|
16
|
Female
|
Sacrum
|
ARMS
|
|
Karagiannis et al. (2015)(10)
|
61
|
Female
|
Diffuse - Bone marrow
|
ARMS
|
|
Bressner et al. (2016)(7)
|
34
|
Male
|
Femur - diaphysis
|
Pleomorphic RMS
|
|
Balogh et al. (2016)(1)
|
17
|
Male
|
Diffuse - Bone marrow
|
ARMS
|
|
Balogh et al. (2016)(1)
|
9
|
Male
|
Diffuse - Bone marrow
|
ARMS
|
Like our reported case, the misdiagnosis has occurred in six cases.([1]
[7]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]) In 3 patients([7]
[9]
[11]) we identified that an initial chemotherapy treatment protocol was performed for another disease, just as it happened with our patient. All these cases were initially diagnosed as osteosarcoma. One of them did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy.([10])
We observed that the protocol initially used (doxorubicin, cisplatin, and methotrexate) differs from the classic rhabdomyosarcoma protocol (vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide).([2]) Despite it, the protocol has had some effectiveness. The report of the postoperative specimen showed more than 90% of tumor necrosis. In addition, the consolidation of local treatment with radiotherapy was carried out, as recommended by the European and American protocols for the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma.([2])
The effectiveness of these first chemotherapy regimens could be explained by the effect of doxorubicin in the rhabdomyosarcoma. Doxorubicin has a controversial role in rhabdomyosarcoma treatment regimens, but some studies have put it in protocols for adults and children.([20]
[21]
[22]) In this case reported it could explain the partial initial response to osteosarcoma chemotherapy protocol.
There are no reports of local recurrence in the literature, but 6 patients died due to illness.([6]
[7]
[12]
[16]
[17]) The heterogeneity of the information in the different reports makes impossible to stratify prognostic groups. However, our review carried out suggests that intraosseous rhabdomyosarcoma has a worse prognosis than soft tissue RMS. We understand that this point deserves further study with a more standardized assessment of cases.
The differential diagnosis deserves the main attention in the intraosseous RMS. Despite being the most common soft tissue tumor in children, rhabdomyosarcoma has a rare intraosseous incidence. The most prevalent differential diagnoses were tumors of the Ewing family,([7]
[10]) lymphoproliferative diseases,([1]
[10]) and osteosarcoma.([5]
[9]
[11])
Its diagnosis depends on a high clinical suspicion, properly staging with imaging tests and, mainly, carry on the specific immunohistochemical research. The doctors (usually orthopedists and oncologists) involved in the treatment must keep it in mind to suggest the diagnostic hypothesis and conduct the case in a multi-professional manner, with discussion with the radiology and pathology team.
Like other sarcomas, the early diagnosis and multimodal approach, satisfactory local control with free margins, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are essential conditions for its therapeutic success.
Bibliographical Record
Dan Carai Maia Viola, Nathalia Sundin Palmeira de Oliveira, Jairo Greco Garcia, Marcelo de Toledo Petrilli, Carla Renata Pacheco Donato Macedo, Maria Teresa Seixas Alves, Reynaldo JesusGarcia. Femoral intraosseous rhabdomyosarcoma: a case report and literature review. Brazilian Journal of Oncology 2021; 17: e-20210021.
DOI: 10.5935/2526-8732.20210021
