Keywords
hearing - auxiliary of hearing - children - hearing loss
Palavras-chave
audição - auxiliares de audição - criança - perda auditiva
Introduction
The institution from the National Politics from Hearing Health by the ordinance MS/GM N° 2.073 from 2004 states that the performance of the diagnosis and early intervention, in order to enable a better prognosis compared to the development of the oral language. In this scenario, the actions from health in the Basic Attention, in the Services of Attention to Hearing Health in the Middle and High Complexity (that compose the network from the Only System of Health – (SUS) allowing the access to: early identification of hearing impairment by means of newborn hearing screening, monitoring, including diagnosis, clinical treatment, use of the individual hearing aids (HA), following and speech therapy, besides ensuring the capability, technical support and orientation to the family[1].
Is a consensus that, the earlier the diagnosis of hearing impairment and the phonoaudiological interventions were made, less will be the impact of the hearing alteration to the development of the cognitive, hearing and speech abilities[2]
[3]
[4].
However, the break between the suspect of the hearing deficiency by the family, and the audiologic diagnosis and the intervention remains too long. The first years of life are considered critical for the development of the speech and hearing abilities, since it is in this period that occur the peak of the process of maturation from the central auditory system, as well as neuronal plasticity from the hearing pathway[4]
[5]
[6]
[7].
With the implementation of programs of newborn hearing screening, the professionals working in the area, have searched to decrease the break of time between the suspect of the hearing impairment and the medical intervention and the phonoaudiologist itself[8]
[9]. However, this goal still was not reached in all the country, once the law regulating the newborn hearing screening is too recent (in 08/02/2010 was sanctioned the Project of Law n° 3.842/97), existing still a lot of challenges for its complete realization[9]
[10].
To compose the process of speech therapy intervention, underlying to the diagnosis from the hearing impairment, the indication and selection from the electronic devices, between them the Hearing Aids (HA) and/or the Cochlear Implant, can be capable of minimize the impact of the hearing deficiency and to contribute for the development from the hearing and speech abilities[11].
The adaptation from these devices it is not a simple task and the challenges are constant during the process, because the linguistic and psychoacoustic needs from children are different of those expected to the adults carriers from hearing deficiency[12]
[13]. Besides, the periodic accompaniment is critical for the evaluation and the validation of the effective use of sound amplification and for the monitoring of hearing loss. The participation of the speech therapist and from the medic in this process is of extremely importance, once that these professionals assume the role of state, select, adapt and verify the adequate use and successful of HA[14].
Before these considerations, the objective of this study is to characterize the age in the diagnosis of the hearing loss and the beginning of the intervention, as the medical accompaniment and the phonoaudiologist of hearing impaired children attended in the Ambulatory of Hearing Health from the Clinical Hospital from Medical School from the Universidade de São Paulo – HCFMUSP (Relistening Program).
Method
The research was approved by the Ethical Committee for Analysis of Researches Projects (protocol n° 0432/10) from HCFMUSP.
Is about a transversal and retrospective study, from data obtained at patients records from the Ambulatory of Hearing Health from HCFMUSP – Relistening Program, accredited by Ordinance MS/GM n° 2.073, instituted by the Ministry of Health, in September 28th of 2004.
The Relistening Program is a service of attention to the hearing health of high complexity, being characterized by the specialized diagnostic and therapeutic attention, and by technical conditions, physical installation, equipments and human resources adequate to the attendance to people with risk or suspicious of hearing loss and people hearing impaired, articulated and integrated way with the regional and local system. Its objective is to perform the audiologic diagnosis in children, adults and elderly, treatment of the hearing loss, as well as the adaptation to the HA and hearing rehabilitation.
In what concernes the criteria of inclusion of the sample, were considered all the reports from the deaf children till the age of 12 years, attended in the Ambulatory of Hearing Health in the period from January of 2008 until February of 2011, and that used the HA and/or were in process of selection for the device.
This way, 166 children composed the sample of the study. Were used only the contained information in the records, in a way to conduct a survey from the following aspects:
-
Gender;
-
Etiology of the hearing impairment;
-
Type, degree and laterality of the hearing impairment;
-
Age of the child in the time of the diagnosis;
-
Age of the child in the time of the intervention (adaptation to the HA);
-
Medical accompaniment and phonoaudiologic in the service, after the adaptation to the HA.
Is noteworthy that, for the age diagnosed and the age in the beginning of the intervention, were considered, respectively, the first audiologic evaluation performed in the children and the initial moment of adaptation in the HA, apart from the place of performance from the procedures. The degree of the hearing loss was classified according to Lloyd and Kaplan (1978).
This data were plotted and submitted to the statistical analysis, by means of the program Minitab. Were analyzed the descriptive measures average and standard deviation, as were used the tests chi-square and ANOVA. Was established a level of significance of 0,05 (5%) and the breaks constituted were of 95% from statistical confidence.
Results
The sample was composed by 56% of individuals from the male gender and 44% from the female gender, with significant prevalence from the male gender (p = 0,02, chi-square). The etiology of the hearing loss predominant was from unknown origin (42,78%), followed by multifactorial hearing losses, that involve children that presented many indicator of risk for hearing loss pre and perinatal associated (18,07%). The other etiologies verified were: genetic; meningitis; syndromes; malformation from the outer ear, middle and/or inner; ototoxicity, among other causes ([Image 1]).
Image 1. Etiology from the hearing impairment.
In regard to the hearing loss characteristics, the neurosensory type was present in 88,56% of the evaluated cases. The degree of hearing loss of most occurrence was the moderate, followed by deep, moderately severe, severe and light ([Table 1]). Was observed the symmetry between the ears in what concerns the degree from the hearing loss in 69,9% of cases (p < 0,001, chi-square test) and the presence of unilateral hearing loss was detected in only 2,4% from the subjects of the research (p < 0,001, chi-square).
Table 1.
Characteristics from the hearing loss (type and degree), considering the best ear.
|
Type of the hearing loss
|
Best ear (n)
|
%
|
|
Conductive
|
15
|
9,04
|
|
Mixed
|
4
|
2,40
|
|
Neurosensory
|
147
|
88,56
|
|
Total
|
166
|
100
|
|
Degree from the hearing loss
|
Best ear (n)
|
%
|
|
Normal
|
6
|
3,62
|
|
Light
|
9
|
5,42
|
|
Moderate
|
51
|
30,72
|
|
Moderadately-severe
|
30
|
18,07
|
|
Severe
|
24
|
14,45
|
|
Profound
|
46
|
27,72
|
|
Total
|
166
|
100
|
In the total of evaluated children (n = 166), the average age in the diagnosis was of 5,46 years and in the intervention of 6,86 years, with a average break between the diagnosis and the intervention of 1,4 years ([Table 2]).
Table 2.
Age diagnosed, age of intervention and gap between the diagnosis and intervention (in years).
|
Process
|
Average (years)
|
Standard Deviation
|
Minimum (years)
|
Maximum (years)
|
|
Age at the diagnosis
|
5,46
|
3,09
|
0,16
|
15,59
|
|
Age at the intervention
|
6,86
|
3,16
|
0,92
|
17,23
|
|
Gap between the diagnoses and intervention
|
1,40
|
1,93
|
0,00
|
12,02
|
Considering only the laterality of the hearing loss ([Table 3]) or the degree of the hearing loss ([Table 4]), was observed that the diagnosis was late and to unilateral hearing losses and to hearing losses from light degree and moderately severe, both the comparison revealing statistically significant differences.
Table 3.
Age at the diagnosis (in years) for uni and bilateral hearing losses.
|
Process
|
Average
|
Standard Deviation
|
p-value
|
|
Age from diagnoses from unilateral hearing loss
|
6,80
|
3,14
|
< .0001
|
|
Age from diagnosis of Bilateral hearing loss
|
5,42
|
3,09
|
|
Subtitle: ANOVA
Table 4.
Age at the diagnosis (in years) for hearing losses from light to moderately-severe compared to hearing losses severe and profound.
|
Process
|
Average
|
Standard Deviation
|
p-value
|
|
Age at the diagnosis from hearing loss from light to moderately-severe
|
6,46
|
3,06
|
< .0001
|
|
Age from the diagnosis from hearing loss from severe to profound
|
4,07
|
2,58
|
|
Subtitle: ANOVA
Can be observed still that most of the children (96,98%) had already completed the process in the HA adaptation and most of the cases was still in medical accompaniment and phonoaudiologic at the service (78,32%) ([Table 5]).
Table 5.
Process of adaptation from HA/ follow-up in the service.
|
Process
|
n
|
%
|
|
Complete adaptation
|
161
|
96,98
|
|
In experience
|
5
|
3,02
|
|
Total
|
166
|
100
|
|
Follow-up
|
n
|
%
|
|
Remains in follow-up
|
130
|
78,32
|
|
Missed the last consult of follow-up
|
20
|
12,05
|
|
Abandon service
|
12
|
7,22
|
|
Forwarded to cochlear implant
|
4
|
2,41
|
|
Total
|
166
|
100
|
Discussion
The hearing deficiency can bring great disturbances to the global development of the child, generating great impact under the community, whether being from the economic point of view or psychosocial. The early diagnosis and the immediate intervention are essential to ensure the hearing impaired children a better development from the cognitive, hearing and speech abilities, once this is a highly disabling deficiency, considering their effects in the communication[3]
[4].
This study has as objective characterize the age in the diagnosis of hearing loss and in the beginning of the intervention, as the medical and phonoaudiologic monitoring from hearing impaired children attended in the Ambulatory of Hearing Health from HCFMUSP (Relistening Program), because of the evidence that the indentification and early intervention are essential to a better global development from the child.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 90% of all children with hearing impairment capable to damage the hearing and speech abilities (>40 dB) live in countries that are developing[15], making the questionnaire of diagnosis and early intervention even more delicate in those regions.
Previous studies point that the average age of identification of the hearing loss and the absence of newborn hearing screening programs is around 2 years and a half to 3 years, which is considered late[8], taking in consideration the recommendations from the scientific community in what concerns the adaptation to electronic devices before the six months old[16]. In countries in development, the situation is even more serious, the age described in the identification of the hearing loss ranging from 2 to 7 years[17].
In the present research, the sample was constituted by children until 12 years, being 56% from the male gender and 44% from the female gender, with differences statistically significant for that distribution. This finding agrees with another study from the literatures, which also verified a greater number of individuals from the male gender with hearing impairment among the deaf in Rio de Janeiro[18], and corroborate other investigations that verified a larger number of boys among the children with risk of hearing loss[19]
[20].
The etiology of the predominant hearing losses was from unknown origin, followed by hearing losses of multifactorial etiologies, that involve many indicators of risk for hearing losses associate to pre and perinatal. The WHO emphasized that genetic factors can be responsible for 30% from the prelingual hearing losses, while 20% can be related to problems pre and perinatal[21]. The verified percentage in the present study of hearing losses involving indicators of pre and perinatal risks (18,07%) approached from the values described by the WHO.
As many of participating children were not submitted to genetic studies, is possible that a parto f the hearing losses from unknown etiologies can be related to genetic factors.
According to the characteristics from the hearing loss, was observed a greater occurrences of hearing losses from the neurosensory, bilateral and symmetric kind. Regarding the degree, the hearing losses from lighter degree and moderately severe represented 54,21% of the evaluated children. The results showed that the laterality and the degree from the hearing loss can influence at the age of diagnosis from the hearing loss, in other words, unilateral hearing losses and/or from light degree and moderately-severe are diagnosed more late than the hearing losses bilateral and/or from severe to profound degree.
This findings can be justified from the imposed limitations for the hearing loss taking into consideration the degree, ie, children with severe or profound hearing losses, frequently present a bigger commitment regarding the development of speak and speech, being the hearing alteration noticed earlier than the alteration from light to moderately severe degree and/or unilateral, which can remain imperceptible to the parents for a longer period[20]
[22]
[23].
When were analyzed all the attended children in the service, independent from the hearing loss characteristics, was verified the average age in the diagnosis was from 5,46 years with a middle gap between the diagnosis and the intervention of 1,4 years. This data showed that the average age among the children that initiate the use of HA was of approximately 7 years, agreeing with the literature findings that come from countries in development[24].
Is important to highlight that the checked panorama for the population in question, is referring to a previous period from the implementation of universal newborn hearing screening, since that the federal law that instituted this procedure was sanctioned recently, in August from 2010. However, this fact emphasize a important priority for countries in development, that is establish and to do the universal newborn hearing screening, ensuring a infrastructure that ensure not only the early identification of the hearing losses, but also the following and the access to services of appropriate intervention for the children and its family, optimizing the process for the development from the hearing and speech abilities[4]
[8].
The data from the present study showed that, even with age in the diagnosis and beginning of the intervention occurring later, most of the attended children at the service in question have already completed the process of adaptation from the HA and remains in medical and phonoaudiologic accompaniment in the referred service.
Such finding reinforces the importance from the process of periodic accompaniment to validate the effective use of the hearing aid, as well as to the monitoring of the hearing loss[17]. The performed evaluations through the following of those kids are from fundamental importance for the verification of the hearing performance obtained by means of using the HA, and also enable to observe the process of development of the oral language and trace the therapeutic goals for each child. Besides, this follow-up data, available to all professionals involved in the attendance, bring concrete evidences of the repercussions of the treatment, favoring the exchanges of information between different institutions and professionals.
It should be emphasized that, this data show the panorama from a Service of Attention to the Hearing Health from High Complexity in the city of São Paulo and, because of the differences and inherent characteristics to every state and/or city, may differ from other services.
Conclusion
The present study verified that the Ambulatory of Hearing Health from HCFMUSP – Relistening Program still receives children, whether for the diagnosis and/or for the intervention, in a later way, damaging very much the development from the hearing, cognitive and speech abilities from those children. However, still is possible the realization of the follow-up from a significant number of children users from the HA, that integrate the ambulatory, making, therefore a process of adaptation much more effective.
