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DOI: 10.1055/a-2761-1827
Muskelinstabilität – eine neue Perspektive auf die Pathogenese von Muskel-Skelett-Beschwerden und Non-Kontakt-Verletzungen: Forschungsstand und Praxisrelevanz
Muscle instability – a novel perspective on musculoskeletal disorders and non-contact injuries: current knowledge and practical implicationsAuthors
Zusammenfassung
Drückende Maximalkraft wird seit Jahrzehnten zur Untersuchung muskuloskelettaler Beschwerden und Non-Kontakt-Verletzungen herangezogen, ohne plausible Erkenntnisse oder Kausalitäten aufzudecken. Ein neuer Ansatz könnte die haltende Muskelaktion sein. Hier wird der aktuelle Forschungsstand sowie das daraus abgeleitete Potenzial der adaptiven Haltefähigkeit vorgestellt.
Ein Review indiziert, dass haltende isometrische Muskelaktion (HIMA) komplexere Steuermechanismen erfordert als drückende (PIMA). Besonders herausfordernd für das neuromuskuläre System ist die Anpassung an variierende Kräfte (Adaptive Kraft; AF). Studien zeigen, dass die max. isometrische AF instantan auf verschiedene Stimuli reagiert. Störende Reize (z. B. Muskelspindelirritation, negative Emotion) reduzierten sie bei Gesunden instantan um 44%, bei Long-COVID-Patienten um 53%; ähnlich bei mentalem Stress und Nozizeption. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen kann also die Maximalkraft zur Gelenkstabilisation gegen externe Kräfte nicht ausreichend abgerufen werden. Muskeln beginnen bereits auf deutlich submaximalem Niveau nachzugeben, woraus Gelenkinstabilität mit Einschränkung der Belastbarkeit resultieren kann. Umgekehrt führten unterstützende Reize instantan zur Normalisierung der max. Haltefähigkeit. Dem sofortigen Wechsel zwischen Stabilität und Instabilität muss ein reflektorisches Geschehen zugrunde liegen. Dies birgt unschätzbares Potenzial.
Das Modell der funktionellen Muskelinstabilität liefert plausible Erklärungen für die Pathogenese von Non-Kontakt-Verletzungen, „Überlastungsschäden“ und sonstigen Muskel-Skelett-Beschwerden, auch bei Somatisierungsstörungen und ohne strukturelles Korrelat. Es wird empfohlen, sich bei Studien sowie in der Praxis auch auf die adaptive Haltefähigkeit zu stützen. Ihre besondere Spezifik (instantane Reagibilität, hohe Sensitivität) könnte ermöglichen, frühzeitig Leistungseinschränkungen und Gesundheitsrisiken bzw. umgekehrt unterstützende Maßnahmen zu identifizieren. Damit bietet die AF immenses Potenzial für Kausaldiagnostik, individualisierte Therapieableitung und Verletzungsprävention. Studien zur wissenschaftlichen Fundierung sind nötig.
Abstract
Pushing maximum strength has been used for decades to investigate musculoskeletal complaints and non-contact injuries, yet without uncovering plausible insights or causal relationships. A novel approach may lie in holding muscle action. This paper presents the current state of research and the resulting high practical potential of the adaptive holding capacity.
A review indicates that holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) requires more complex control strategies than pushing isometric muscle action (PIMA). Particularly challenging for the neuromuscular system is the adaptation to varying forces (Adaptive Force; AF). Studies show that the maximum isometric AF reacts instantaneously to various stimuli. Disruptive inputs (e. g., muscle spindle irritation, negative emotions) led to an immediate reduction by 44% in healthy individuals, and by 53% in long COVID patients; similarly with mental stress and nociception. Under certain conditions, therefore, the maximum force required to stabilize the joint against external forces cannot be accessed. Muscles already begin to give way at clearly submaximal levels, which can result in joint instability with limited load capacity. Conversely, supportive stimuli instantly led to normalization of the maximum holding capacity. The immediate shift between stability and instability must be based on a reflexive process. This harbors invaluable potential.
The model of functional muscle instability provides plausible explanations for the pathogenesis of non-contact injuries, “overuse syndromes”, and other musculoskeletal disorders, even with somatization disorders and without structural correlates. It is therefore recommended that relevant studies and clinical practice focus on adaptive holding capacity. Its distinct characteristics (instantaneous responsiveness, high sensitivity) may allow for the early identification of performance limitations and health risks, as well as, conversely, supportive measures. AF thus offers immense potential for causal diagnostics, individualized therapy derivation, and injury prevention. Additional research is required to substantiate the scientific basis.
Schlüsselwörter
Haltende isometrische Muskelaktion (HIMA) - Muskelstabilität - Muskelinstabilität - motorische Kontrolle - Adaptive Kraft (AF)Key words
holding isometric muscle action (HIMA) - muscle stability - muscle instability - motor control - Adaptive Force (AF)** Holding vs. pushing/pulling isometric muscle action; weitere Termini: position vs. force task‚ yielding vs. overcoming, eccentrically vs. concentrically loaded
Publication History
Article published online:
11 February 2026
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