Download PDF
Planta Med 2015; 81(17): 1582-1591
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1546246
Mini Reviews
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Solvent System Selection Strategies in Countercurrent Separation

Yang Liu
1   Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
,
J. Brent Friesen
1   Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
2   Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois, United States
,
James B. McAlpine
1   Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
3   Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
,
Guido F. Pauli
1   Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
3   Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

received 04 October 2014
revised 09 March 2015

accepted 03 June 2015

Publication Date:
21 September 2015 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The majority of applications in countercurrent and centrifugal partition chromatography, collectively known as countercurrent separation, are dedicated to medicinal plant and natural product research. In countercurrent separation, the selection of the appropriate solvent system is of utmost importance as it is the equivalent to the simultaneous choice of column and eluent in liquid chromatography. However, solvent system selection is often laborious, involving extensive partition and/or analytical trials. Therefore, simplified solvent system selection strategies that predict the partition coefficients and, thus, analyte behavior are in high demand and may advance both the science of countercurrent separation and its applications. The last decade of solvent system selection theory and applications are critically reviewed, and strategies are classified according to their data input requirements. This offers the practitioner an up-to-date overview of rationales and methods for choosing an efficient solvent system, provides a perspective regarding their accuracy, reliability, and practicality, and discusses the possibility of combining multiple methods for enhanced prediction power.

Key words

countercurrent separation - countercurrent chromatography - centrifugal partition chromatography - solvent system selection

Supporting Information

 

  • References

  • 1 Ito Y. High-speed countercurrent chromatography. Nature 1987; 326: 419-420
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Hopmann E, Arlt W, Minceva M. Solvent system selection in counter-current chromatography using conductor-like screening model for real solvents. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218: 242-250
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Eromosele O, Bo S, Jia H, Ping L. Preparative isolation and purification of glyceollins from soy bean elicited with Aspergillus sojae by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Chromatogr Sep Technol 2012; 3: 1-7
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Friesen JB, Pauli GF. Rational development of solvent system families in counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1151: 51-59
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Ito Y. Golden rules and pitfalls in selecting optimum conditions for high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1065: 145-168
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Inoue K, Hattori Y, Hino T, Oka H. An approach to on-line electrospray mass spectrometric detection of polypeptide antibiotics of enramycin for high-speed counter-current chromatographic separation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51: 1154-1160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Yanagida A, Shoji A, Shibusawa Y, Shindo H, Tagashira M, Ikeda M, Ito Y. Analytical separation of tea catechins and food-related polyphenols by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112: 195-201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Shibusaw Y, Yanagida A, Isozaki M, Shindo H, Ito Y. Separation of apple procyanidins into different degrees of polymerization by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2001; 915: 253-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Zhang M, Ignatova S, Hu P, Liang Q, Wang Y, Luo G, Jun FW, Sutherland I. Development of a strategy and process parameters for a green process in counter-current chromatography: purification of tanshinone IIA and cryptotanshinone from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge as a case study. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218: 6031-6037
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Chen L, Zhang Q, Yang G, Fan L, Tang J, Garrard I, Ignatova S, Fisher D, Sutherland IA. Rapid purification and scale-up of honokiol and magnolol using high-capacity high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1142: 115-122
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Luo H, Peng M, Ye H, Chen L, Peng A, Tang M, Zhang F, Shi J. Predictable and linear scale-up of four phenolic alkaloids separation from the roots of Menispermum dauricum using high-performance counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B 2010; 878: 1929-1933
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Cicek SS, Schwaiger S, Ellmerer EP, Stuppner H. Development of a fast and convenient method for the isolation of triterpene saponins from Actaea racemosa by high-speed countercurrent chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. Planta Med 2010; 76: 467-473
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Yuan Y, Wang B, Chen L, Luo H, Fisher D, Sutherland IA, Wei Y. How to realize the linear scale-up process for rapid purification using high-performance counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1194: 192-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Yao Y, Cheng Z, Ye H, Xie Y, He J, Tang M, Shen T, Wang J, Zhou Y, Lu Z, Luo F, Chen L, Yu L, Yang JL, Peng A, Wei Y. Preparative isolation and purification of anti-tumor agent ansamitocin P-3 from fermentation broth of Actinosynnema pretiosum using high-performance counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33: 1331-1337
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Luo Y, Xu Y, Chen L, Luo H, Peng C, Fu J, Chen H, Peng A, Ye H, Xie D, Fu A, Shi J, Yang S, Wei Y. Preparative purification of anti-tumor derivatives of honokiol by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1178: 160-165
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Ye H, Chen L, Li Y, Peng A, Fu A, Song H, Tang M, Luo H, Luo Y, Xu Y, Shi J, Wei Y. Preparative isolation and purification of three rotenoids and one isoflavone from the seeds of Millettia pachycarpa Benth by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1178: 101-107
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Inoue K, Nomura C, Ito S, Nagatsu A, Hino T, Oka H. Purification of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56: 9328-9336
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Wagenaar FL, Hochlowski JE, Pan JY, Tu NR, Searle PA. Purification of high-throughput organic synthesis libraries by counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216: 4154-4160
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Garrard IJ. Simple approach to the development of a CCC solvent selection protocol suitable for automation. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 2005; 28: 1923-1935
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Leitao GG, de Souza PA, Moraes AA, Brown L. Step-gradient CCC separation of phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides from roots of Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) vahl. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 2005; 28: 2053-2060
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 He K, Ye X, Li X, Chen H, Yuan L, Deng Y, Chen X, Li X. Separation of two constituents from purple sweet potato by combination of silica gel column and high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B 2012; 881–882: 49-54
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Dang YY, Li XC, Zhang QW, Li SP, Wang YT. Preparative isolation and purification of six volatile compounds from essential oil of Curcuma wenyujin using high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33: 1658-1664
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Liu Y, Chen SN, McAlpine JB, Klein LL, Friesen JB, Lankin DC, Pauli GF. Quantification of a botanical negative marker without an identical standard: ginkgotoxin in Ginkgo biloba . J Nat Prod 2014; 77: 611-617
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Qiu F, Friesen JB, McAlpine JB, Pauli GF. Design of countercurrent separation of Ginkgo biloba terpene lactones by nuclear magnetic resonance. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1242: 26-34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Yeh JC, Garrard IJ, Cho CW, Annie Bligh SW, Lu GH, Fan TP, Fisher D. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the volatile oil of Angelica sinensis radix designed to preserve the synergistic effects of the mixture followed by identification of the active principles. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236: 132-138
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Sutherland IA, Fisher D. Role of counter-current chromatography in the modernisation of Chinese herbal medicines. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216: 740-753
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Sutherland IA, Brown L, Graham AS, Guillon GG, Hawes D, Janaway L, Whiteside R, Wood P. Industrial scale-up of countercurrent chromatography: predictive scale-up. J Chromatogr Sci 2001; 39: 21-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Wood P, Ignatova S, Janaway L, Keay D, Hawes D, Garrard I, Sutherland IA. Counter-current chromatography separation scaled up from an analytical column to a production column. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1151: 5-30
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Ignatova S, Wood P, Hawes D, Janaway L, Keay D, Sutherland I. Feasibility of scaling from pilot to process scale. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1151: 20-24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Faure KM, Nazim M, Meucci J, Berthod A. Solvent selection in countercurrent chromatography using small-volume hydrostatic columns. LC GC N Am 2013; 31: 132-143
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Hostettmann K, Hostettmann-Kaldas M, Sticher O. Application of droplet counter-current chromatography to the isolation of natural products. J Chromatogr A 1979; 186: 529-534
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Marston A, Hostettmann K. Developments in the application of counter-current chromatography to plant analysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1112: 181-194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Friesen JB, Pauli GF. G.U.E.S.S. – A generally useful estimate of solvent systems for CCC. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 2005; 28: 2777-2806
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Yang C, Yang Y, Aisa HA, Xin X, Ma H, Yili A, Zhao Y. Bioassay-guided isolation of antioxidants from Astragalus altaicus by combination of chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2012; 35: 977-983
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Chen Y, Schwack W. High-performance thin-layer chromatography screening of multi class antibiotics in animal food by bioluminescent bioautography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356: 249-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Ignatova S, Sumner N, Colclough N, Sutherland I. Gradient elution in counter-current chromatography: a new layout for an old path. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218: 6053-6060
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Pauli GF, Pro SM, Friesen JB. Countercurrent separation of natural products. J Nat Prod 2008; 71: 1489-1508
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Han QB, Wong L, Yang NY, Song JZ, Qiao CF, Yiu H, Ito Y, Xu HX. A simple method to optimize the HSCCC two-phase solvent system by predicting the partition coefficient for target compound. J Sep Sci 2008; 31: 1189-1194
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Zhang S, Wang X, Ouyang F, Su Z, Wang C, Gu M. Separation and purification of dl-tetrahydropalmatine from Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang by HSCCC with a new solvent system screening method. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 2008; 31: 2632-2642
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Dubant S, Mathews B, Higginson P, Crook R, Snowden M, Mitchell J. Practical solvent system selection for counter-current separation of pharmaceutical compounds. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1207: 190-192
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Renon H, Prausnitz JM. Local compositions in thermodynamic excess functions for liquid mixtures. AIChE J 2004; 14: 135-144
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Chen CC, Song Y. Solubility modeling with a nonrandom two-liquid segment activity coefficient model. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004; 43: 8354-8362
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Chen CC, Crafts PA. Correlation and prediction of drug molecule solubility in mixed solvent systems with the nonrandom two-liquid segment activity coefficient (NRTL−SAC) model. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006; 45: 4816-4824
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Chen J, Yu Y, Li Z. Accurate calculation for liquid–liquid equilibria of typical solvent systems used in CCC. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 2005; 28: 1937-1946
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Ren DB, Yang ZH, Liang YZ, Ding Q, Chen C, Ouyang ML. Correlation and prediction of partition coefficient using nonrandom two-liquid segment activity coefficient model for solvent system selection in counter-current chromatography separation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301: 10-18
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Ren DB, Qin YH, Yun YH, Lu HM, Chen XQ, Liang YZ. Using nonrandom two-liquid model for solvent system selection in counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1355: 80-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Qian J, Poole CF. Distribution model for Folch partition. J Sep Sci 2007; 30: 2326-2331
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Ghose AK, Viswanadhan VN, Wendoloski JJ. Prediction of hydrophobic (lipophilic) properties of small organic molecules using fragmental methods: An analysis of ALOGP and CLOGP methods. J Phys Chem A 1998; 102: 3762-3772
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Moriguchi I, Hirono S, Liu Q, Nakagome I, Matsushita Y. Simple method of calculating octanol water partition-coefficient. Chem Pharm Bull 1992; 40: 127-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Stewart JP. MOPAC: a semiempirical molecular orbital program. J Comput Aided Mol Des 1990; 4: 1-105
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Klamt A. Conductor-like screening model for real solvents: a new approach to the quantitative calculation of solvation phenomena. J Phys Chem A 1995; 99: 2224-2235
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Hopmann E, Frey A, Minceva M. A priori selection of the mobile and stationary phase in centrifugal partition chromatography and counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1238: 68-76
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Goll J, Frey A, Minceva M. Study of the separation limits of continuous solid support free liquid-liquid chromatography: separation of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin by centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1284: 59-68
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Frey A, Hopmann E, Minceva M. Selection of biphasic liquid systems in liquid-liquid chromatography using predictive thermodynamic models. Chem Eng Technol 2014; 37: 1663-1674
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Friesen JB, Ahmed S, Pauli GF. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of solvent systems for countercurrent separation. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1377: 55-63
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Faure K, Bouju E, Suchet P, Berthod A. Use of limonene in countercurrent chromatography: a green alkane substitute. Anal Chem 2013; 85: 4644-4650
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Englert M, Vetter W. Solvent systems with n-hexane and/or cyclohexane in countercurrent chromatography: Physico-chemical parameters and their impact on the separation of alkyl hydroxybenzoates. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1342: 54-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Romero-Gonzalez RR, Verpoorte R. Salting-out gradients in centrifugal partition chromatography for the isolation of chlorogenic acids from green coffee beans. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216: 4245-4251
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Peng A, Li R, Hu J, Chen L, Zhao X, Luo H, Ye H, Yuan Y, Wei Y. Flow rate gradient high-speed counter-current chromatography separation of five diterpenoids from Triperygium wilfordii and scale-up. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200: 129-135
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Han QB, Yu T, Lai F, Zhou Y, Feng C, Wang WN, Fu XH, Lau CB, Luo KQ, Xu HX, Sun HD, Fung KP, Leung PC. Quick identification of apoptosis inducer from Isodon eriocalyx by a drug discovery platform composed of analytical high-speed counter-current chromatography and the fluorescence-based caspase-3 biosensor detection. Talanta 2010; 82: 1521-1527
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Inoue K, Baba E, Hino T, Oka H. A strategy for high-speed countercurrent chromatography purification of specific antioxidants from natural products based on on-line HPLC method with radical scavenging assay. Food Chem 2012; 134: 2276-2282
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Wang X, Wang Y, Geng Y, Li F, Zheng C. Isolation and purification of honokiol and magnolol from cortex Magnoliae officinalis by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1036: 171-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Tong S, Yan J, Guan YX, Fu Y, Ito Y. Separation of alpha-cyclohexylmandelic acid enantiomers using biphasic chiral recognition high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217: 3044-3052
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Maier T, Sanzenbacher S, Kammerer DR, Berardini N, Conrad J, Beifuss U, Carle R, Schieber A. Isolation of hydroxycinnamoyltartaric acids from grape pomace by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1128: 61-67
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Hammann S, Tillmann U, Schröder M, Vetter W. Profiling the fatty acids from a strain of the microalgae Alexandrium tamarense by means of high-speed counter-current chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1312: 93-103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Schröder M, Vetter W. High-speed counter-current chromatographic separation of phytosterols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400: 3615-3623
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Skalicka-Wozniak K, Mroczek T, Garrard I, Glowniak K. Isolation of the minor and rare constituents from fruits of Peucedanum alsaticum L. using high-performance counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35: 790-797
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Skalicka-Wozniak K, Walasek M, Ludwiczuk A, Glowniak K. Isolation of terpenoids from Pimpinella anisum essential oil by high-performance counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2013; 36: 2611-2614
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Wei Y, Zhang T, Xu G, Ito Y. Application of analytical and preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography for separation of lycopene from crude extract of tomato paste. J Chromatogr A 2001; 929: 169-173
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Li J, Zhang X, Yu Q, Fu X, Wang W. One-step separation of four flavonoids from Herba Salviae plbeiae by HSCCC. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 52: 1288-1293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Wei Y, Xie Q, Fisher D, Sutherland IA. Separation of patuletin-3-O-glucoside, astragalin, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin from Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze by elution-pump-out high-performance counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218: 6206-6211
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Wei Y, Xie Q, Ito Y. Preparative separation of axifolin-3-glucoside, hyperoside and amygdalin from plant extracts by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol 2009; 32: 1010-1022
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Chen LJ, Song H, Lan XQ, Games DE, Sutherland IA. Comparison of high-speed counter-current chromatography instruments for the separation of the extracts of the seeds of Oroxylum indicum . J Chromatogr A 2005; 1063: 241-245
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Sporna-Kucab A, Ignatova S, Garrard I, Wybraniec S. Versatile solvent systems for the separation of betalains from processed Beta vulgaris L. juice using counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr B 2013; 941: 54-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Jerz G, Gebers N, Szot D, Szaleniec M, Winterhalter P, Wybraniec S. Separation of amaranthine-type betacyanins by ion-pair high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1344: 42-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Deng J, Xiao X, Li G, Ruan G. Application of microwave-assisted extraction coupled with high-speed counter-current chromatography for separation and purification of dehydrocavidine from Corydalis saxicola Bunting. Phytochem Anal 2009; 20: 498-502
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Yang F, Ito Y. Preparative separation of lappaconitine, ranaconitine, N-deacetyllappaconitine and N-deacetylranaconitine from crude alkaloids of sample Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 943: 219-225
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Zhang M, Ignatova S, Liang Q, Wu Jun F, Sutherland I, Wang Y, Luo G. Rapid and high-throughput purification of salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by high-performance counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216: 3869-3873
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Wei Y, Zhang TY, Wu KY. Separation of eleutheroside E from crude extract of Radix Acanthopanacis senticosus by analytical and preparative high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Se Pu 2002; 20: 543-545
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Wei Y, Ito Y. Preparative isolation of imperatorin, oxypeucedanin and isoimperatorin from traditional Chinese herb “bai zhi” Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm) Benth. et Hook using multidimensional high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1115: 112-117
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Ma X, Tu P, Chen Y, Zhang T, Wei Y, Ito Y. Preparative isolation and purification of isoflavan and pterocarpan glycosides from Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1023: 311-315
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Zhou T, Fan G, Hong Z, Chai Y, Wu Y. Large-scale isolation and purification of geniposide from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1100: 76-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Wei Y, Zhang T, Ito Y. Preparative separation of rhein from Chinese traditional herb by repeated high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1017: 125-130
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Cao XL, Xu YT, Zhang GM, Xie SM, Dong YM, Ito Y. Purification of coenzyme Q10 from fermentation extract: high-speed counter-current chromatography versus silica gel column chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1127: 92-96
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar