Autoimmune Movement Disorders in Children: Clinical Characteristics and Therapeutic Considerations

Abstract

Autoimmune movement disorders are important to recognize when they are treatable, and early treatment improves outcomes. We present the recent paradigms identified in autoimmune encephalopathy including diagnostic guidelines, autoantibody pathogenesis, and therapeutic considerations. We describe the autoimmune encephalitides associated with movement disorders such as N-methyl d-aspartate receptor encephalitis and basal ganglia encephalitis, the autoimmune movement disorders (nonencephalitic) such as opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome and Sydenham chorea, and movement disorders associated with systemic autoimmune disorders. In all these disorders, recurrent therapeutic themes are as follows: early immune therapy improves outcome, adequate immune therapy should be used to achieve complete remission, and relapse prevention reduces disability.

Keywords

autoimmune - NMDAR - basal ganglia - progressive encephalomyelitis - stiff person syndrome - autoantibody - dopamine-2 receptor - glycine

• References

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