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DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-15857
Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart ·New York
Klinik und Genetik des Prader-Willi-Syndroms
Clinical features and genetic analysis of Prader-Willi SyndromePublication History
Publication Date:
31 December 2001 (online)
Zusammenfassung.
Das Prader-Willi-Syndrom (PWS) zählt zu den seltenen neurogenetischen Funktionsstörungen und stellt andererseits die häufigste Form des syndromatischen Übergewichts dar. Klinische Hauptmerkmale sind eine im Neugeborenenalter ausgeprägte Hypotonie mit anfänglich erheblicher Trinkschwäche und dadurch bedingter Gedeihstörung, ab dem 2. Lebensjahr Entwicklung einer Hyperphagie mit stammbetonter, unbehandelt bisweilen morbider Adipositas. Neben einer verzögert ablaufenden motorischen Entwicklung ist auch der Spracherwerb verlangsamt und bleibt oft eingeschränkt, die intellektuelle Entwicklung ist durch eine Lernbehinderung mit Beeinträchtigung besonders des Kurzzeitgedächtnisses und abstrakter Denkvorgänge gekennzeichnet. Der genetische Hintergrund aller bisher bekannter Genotypen ist ein Funktionsverlust eines väterlich vererbten Genclusters am Chromosom 15 (q11.2). Die elternspezifische Prägung (genomic imprinting) stellt ein epigenetisches Phänomen dar, wodurch identische Basensequenzen homologer elterlicher Gene ein- und ausgeschaltet werden können. Das PWS wie auch das molekulargenetisch eng benachbarte, klinisch allerdings völlig andersartige Angelman-Syndrom (AS) zählen zu den ersten Krankheitsbildern, bei denen ein Funktionsausfall eines Imprint-Gens als Krankheitsursache nachgewiesen wurde. Bei unterschiedlichen Genotypen ist der Phänotyp vergleichsweise sehr ähnlich und zeigt beim PWS nur diskrete statistische Differenzen, z. B. bezüglich der Pigmentierung. Eine frühe klinische Diagnose ist in Kenntnis des neuromuskulären Defizits anzustreben, weil eine frühzeitig einsetzende gut strukturierte kalorienreduzierte Ernährung dem sonst ungehemmten Gewichtszuwachs mit nachfolgenden Komplikationen entgegenwirken kann. Die Diagnose über die Morphologie allein ist in der Neugeborenenperiode schwierig und wird oft erst durch die Kombination mit der erheblichen Hypotonie in Betracht gezogen. Die Verfügbarkeit verlässlicher, mittlerweile bevorzugt nicht-radioaktiver molekulargenetischer Nachweismethoden lässt die Diagnose zweifelsfrei feststellen und ein tragfähiges Konzept für eine sinnvolle symptomatische Therapie erarbeiten. Zu diesen Maßnahmen zählt auch der Einsatz von rekombinantem Wachstumshormon, das nach den Ergebnissen zahlreicher klinischer Studien bei gegebenem funktionellen Wachstumshormonmangel einen zweifelsfreien auxologischen Nutzen und auch eine günstige Veränderung der Fett: Muskelmasse und eine Verbesserung der motorischen Aktivität und der respiratorischen Funktion bewirkt. Fazit: Eine frühzeitige Diagnose des PWS durch DNA-Analyse verhilft zu einer klaren Auskunft hinsichtlich der Genetischen Beratung, erspart dem Kind unnötige zusätzliche Untersuchungen wie CT und Muskelbiopsie und bereitet den Weg zu einer gezielten symptomatischen Therapie, zu der im Hinblick auf den funktionellen HGH-Mangel bei PWS auch eine Wachstumshormontherapie empfehlenswert erscheint. Wegen der im Verlauf der Entwicklung vielfachen möglichen Komplikationen erscheint ein multidisziplinäres Betreuungskonzept an einem Zentrum empfehlenswert.
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is considered to be a rare neurogenetic disorder, nevertheless it represents the most common syndromatic obesity. Main features are severe hypotonia in the newborn period with feeding difficulty and failure to thrive in the first few months, and improvement in later infancy. Between 1 and 6 years the development of a marked truncal obesity is observed, sometimes later on reaching a life-threatening degree. Apart from retarded motor development speech ability is also hampered due to dysfunction of oropharyngeal muscles. Moreover, intellectual impairment is observed that leads to mostly moderate learning difficulty due to deficits in short term memory and abstract thinking. The genetic background of PWS is loss of function of a paternally inherited gene cluster on chromosome 15q11.2, therefore representing a paradigm of an epigenetic phenomenon with silencing and activating of genes depending on their parental origin. Together with the Angelman-Syndrome (AS), genetically located in the same region but clinically different PWS was identified as one of the first human disorders to be caused by the mechanism of genomic imprinting. There are some different genotypes in PWS leading to a quite similar phenotype with small differences eg. In the pigment expression. An early diagnosis is important because the neuromuscular dysfunction improves with appropriate physiotherapy. Even more, dietary programs with periodical calory restricted meals can counteract development of morbid obesity with subsequent complications of cardiovascular disorders and diabetes. Clinical diagnosis remains difficult especially in the newborn period and is considered mostly because of the marked hypotonia. Today, the availability of molecular testing of loss of function in the paternal inherited PWS canditate gene makes a defintitive diagnosis possible as a prerequisite of symptomatic therapy. One of the most recommended therapeutic interventions is the application of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) which has been shown to be useful for improvement of length, physical ability and favourable influence on respiratory problems by a lot of clinical studies. Summary: Early diagnosis by means of molecular methods is helpful for comprehensive genetic counseling. It may avoid unnecessary investigations like computed tomography of the brain and muscle biopsy and it enables parents and professionals to start a purposeful therapy. Although it remains a symptomatic tool, GH therapy appears to be useful for most of the patients. Considering the multimorbidity in PWS a multidisciplinary approach seems appropriate for this still mystical condition.
Schlüsselwörter:
Prader-Willi-Syndrom - Epigenetik - hypothalamische Dysfunktion
Key words:
Prader-Willi syndrome - epigenetics - hypothalamic obesity
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Dr. med. Olaf Rittinger
St.-Johanns-Spital
Klinische Genetik am
Kinderspital
Müllner Hauptstr. 48
5020 Salzburg
Österreich