Therapie des Spasmus hemifacialis mit Botulinumtoxin

Zusammenfassung

Der Spasmus hemifacialis (SHF) ist eine häufige Erkrankung, die gekennzeichnet ist durch unwillkürliche Kontraktionen der vom Nervus facialis innervierten Muskulatur einer Gesichtshälfte. Die Symptome können tonisch oder klonisch, intermittierend oder permanent auftreten. Die Diagnosestellung erfolgt klinisch. Zur Ausschlussdiagnostik sollte eine MRT des Schädels eingesetzt werden, die einen pathologischen Nerv-Gefäß-Kontakt nachweisen und alternative Ursachen ausschließen kann. Häufig ist die Symptomatik nur gering ausgeprägt, so dass keine Therapie notwendig ist. Therapie der Wahl ist die Injektion von Botulinumtoxin zur Reduktion der pathologischen Aktivität. Die Dekompressionsoperation nach Jannetta gilt als Alternative, wird jedoch von den meisten Patienten nicht in Anspruch genommen.

Abstract

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a frequent disorder characterized by involuntary contractions of those muscles innervated by the facialis nerve on one side of the face. The symptoms can appear as tonic or clonic, intermittent or permanent. Diagnosis is based purely on clinical observation. Differential diagnosis should rely on cranial MRI, which can demonstrate a pathological contact between the nerves and vessels and exclude alternative causation. Often, the symptoms are not marked so that therapy may not be necessary. The therapy of choice is an injection of botulinum toxin to reduce the underlying pathological activity. As an alternative, decompression operation according to Jannetta can be considered, although it is frequently rejected by patients.

• Literatur

• 1 Brissaud É. Anatomie du cerveau de l’homme; morphologie des hémisphères cérébraux, ou cerveau proprement dit. Paris: Masson; 1893
• 2 Jost WH. Hemifacial spasm. In: Kompoliti K, Verhagen Metman L. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders. Academic Press; 2010: 17-20
• 3 Wang A, Jankovic J. Hemifacial spasm: clinical findings and treatment. Muscle Nerve 1998; 21: 1740-1747
• 4 Micheli F, Scorticati MC, Gatto E. et al. Familial hemifacial spasm. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 330-332
• 5 Digre K, Corbett JJ. Hemifacial spasm: differential diagnosis, mechanism, and treatment. Adv Neurol 1988; 49: 151-176
• 6 Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J. Distinguishing features of psychogenic (functional) versus organic hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 2017; 264: 359-363
• 7 Abbruzzese G, Beradelli A, Defazio G. Hemifacial spasm. Handb Clin Neurol 2011; 100: 675-680
• 8 Galvez-Jimenez N, Hanson MR, Desai M. Unusual causes of hemifacial spasm. Semin Neurol 2001; 21: 75-83
• 9 Oliveira LD, Cardoso F, Vargas AP. Hemifacial spasm and arterial hypertension. Mov Disord 1999; 14: 832-835
• 10 Babinski J. Hémispasme facial périphérique. Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpétrière 1905; 18: 418-423
• 11 Tan EK, Jankovic J. Bilateral hemifacial spasm: a report of five cases and a literature review. Mov Disord 1999; 14: 345-349
• 12 Reimer J, Gilg K, Karow A. et al. Health-related quality of life in blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. Acta Neurol Scand 2005; 111: 64-70
• 13 Tan EK, Fook-Chong S, Lum SY. et al. Botulinum toxin improves quality of life in hemifacial spasm: validation of a questionnaire (HFS-30). J Neurol Sci 2004; 219: 151-155
• 14 Auger RG. Hemifacial spasm: clinical and electrophysiologic observations. Neurology 1979; 29: 1261-1272
• 15 Tan EK, Chan LL, Lim SH. et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography in patients with hemifacial spasm. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1999; 28: 169-173
• 16 Sanders DB. Ephaptic transmission in hemifacial spasm: a single-fiber EMG study. Muscle Nerve 1989; 12: 690-694
• 17 Montero J, Junyent J, Calopa M. et al. Electrophysiological study of ephaptic axono-axonal responses in hemifacial spasm. Muscle Nerve 2007; 35: 184-188
• 18 Yamashita S, Kawaguchi T, Fukuda M. et al. Lateral spread response elicited by double stimulation in patients with hemifacial spasm. Muscle Nerve 2002; 25: 845-849
• 19 Costa J, Espirito-Santo C, Borges A. et al. Botulinum toxin type A therapy for hemifacial spasm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; CD004899
• 20 Elston JS. Botulinum toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49: 827-829
• 21 Park YC, Lim JK, Lee DK. et al. Botulinum a toxin treatment of hemifacial spasm and blepharospasm. J Korean Med Sci 1993; 8: 334-340
• 22 Scott AB, Kennedy RA, Stubbs HA. Botulinum A toxin injection as a treatment for blepharospasm. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103: 347-350
• 23 Yoshimura DM, Aminoff MJ, Tami TA. et al. Treatment of hemifacial spasm with botulinum toxin. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15: 1045-1049
• 24 Jost WH, Kohl A. Botulinum toxin: evidence-based medicine criteria in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 2001; 248 (Suppl. 01) 21-24
• 25 Dutton JJ, White JJ, Richard MJ. Myobloc for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm in patients refractory to botox. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 22: 173-177
• 26 Laskawi R. Spasmus facialis. In: Laskawi R, Roggenkämper P. (Hrsg) Botulinumtoxin-Therapie im Kopf-Halsbereich. Urban und Vogel; 2004: 90-101
• 27 Laskawi R, Niemczewska A, Schneider S. et al. Änderung von Dosis und Injektionsmuster der Botulinumtoxin-Langzeittherapie fazialer Dyskinesien. Laryngorhinootologie 2014; 93: 186-192
• 28 Cakmur R, Ozturk V, Uzunel F. et al. Comparison of preseptal and pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 2002; 249: 64-68
• 29 Urban PP. Pregabalin as add-on treatment to botulinum toxin in idiopathic hemifacial spasm. Neurology 2006; 66: 1781
• 30 Sampaio C, Ferreira JJ, Simoes F. et al. DYSBOT: a single-blind, randomized parallel study to determine whether any differences can be detected in the efficacy and tolerability of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A – Dysport and Botox – assuming a ratio of 4:1. Mov Disord 1997; 12: 1013-1018
• 31 Colakoglu BD, Cakmur R, Uzunel F. Is it always necessary to apply botulinum toxin into the lower facial muscles in hemifacial spasm?: a randomized, single-blind, crossover trial. Eur Neurol 2011; 65: 286-290
• 32 Jitpimolmard S, Tiamkao S, Laopaiboon M. Long term results of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of hemifacial spasm: a report of 175 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 64: 751-757
• 33 Jannetta PJ, Abbacy M, Maroon JC. et al. Aetiology and definitive microsurgical treatment of hemifacial spasm. Operative technique and results in fourty-seven patients. J Neurosurg 1997; 47: 321-328
• 34 Loeser JD, Chen J. Hemifacial spasm: treatment by microsurgical facial nerve decompression. Neurosurgery 1983; 13: 141-146
• 35 Auger RG, Piepgras DG, Laws Jr ER. Hemifacial spasm: results of microvascular decompression of the facial nerve in 54 patients. Mayo Clin Proc 1986; 61: 640-644