Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-1551-9734
S1-Leitlinie Post-COVID/Long-COVID[*]
S1 Guideline Post-COVID/Long-COVIDZusammenfassung
Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie hat die AWMFS1-Leitlinie Post-COVID/Long-COVID initiiert. In einem breiten interdisziplinären Ansatz wurde diese S1-Leitlinie basierend auf dem aktuellen Wissensstand gestaltet.
Die klinische Empfehlung beschreibt die aktuellen Post-COVID/Long-COVID-Symptome, diagnostische Ansätze und Therapien.
Neben der allgemeinen und konsentierten Einführung wurde ein fachspezifischer Zugang gewählt, der den aktuellen Wissensstand zusammenfasst.
Die Leitlinie hat einen expilzit praktischen Anspruch und wird basierend auf dem aktuellen Wissenszugewinn vom Autorenteam stetig weiterentwickelt und adaptiert.
Abstract
The German Society of Pneumology initiated the AWMFS1 guideline Post-COVID/Long-COVID. In a broad interdisciplinary approach, this S1 guideline was designed based on the current state of knowledge.
The clinical recommendation describes current post-COVID/long-COVID symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and therapies.
In addition to the general and consensus introduction, a subject-specific approach was taken to summarize the current state of knowledge.
The guideline has an expilcit practical claim and will be continuously developed and adapted by the author team based on the current increase in knowledge.
* Die fachspezifischen Kapitel sind federführend von den Fachgesellschaften erstellt worden und spiegeln zum Teil die fachspezifische Sicht auf die Datenlage wider.
Publication History
Article published online:
02 September 2021
© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A. et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 2021; 27: 601-615
- 2 Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T. et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med 2021; 27: 626-631
- 3 Wong AW, Shah AS, Johnston JC. et al. Patient-reported outcome measures after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Eur Respir J 2020; 56: 2003276
- 4 Alwan NA, Johnson L. Defining long COVID: Going back to the start. Med 2021; 2: 501-504
- 5 Marx V. Scientists set out to connect the dots on long COVID. Nature Methods 2021; 18: 449-453
- 6 Gaebler C, Wang Z, Lorenzi JCC. et al. Evolution of Antibody Immunity to SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2020;
- 7 Hopkinson NS, Jenkins G, Hart N. COVID-19 and what comes after?. Thorax 2021; 76: 324-325
- 8 Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K. et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med 2020; 26: 1017-1032
- 9 Salit IE. Post-infectious fatigue. Can Fam Physician 1987; 33: 1217-1219
- 10 Kuratsune H, Kondo K, Ikuta K. et al. [Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2001; 90: 2431-2437
- 11 Hickie I, Davenport T, Wakefield D. et al. Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study. Bmj 2006; 333: 575
- 12 Ceravolo MG, Arienti C, de Sire A. et al. Rehabilitation and COVID-19: the Cochrane Rehabilitation 2020 rapid living systematic review. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2020; 56: 642-651
- 13 Lund LC, Hallas J, Nielsen H. et al. Post-acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals not requiring hospital admission: a Danish population-based cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2021;
- 14 Reuken PA, Scherag A, Stallmach A. Postcoronavirus Disease Chronic Fatigue Is Frequent and Not Only Restricted to Hospitalized Patients. Crit Care Med 2021;
- 15 Carmo A, Pereira-Vaz J, Mota V. et al. Clearance and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in patients with COVID-19. J Med Virol 2020; 92: 2227-2231
- 16 Kandetu TB, Dziuban EJ, Sikuvi K. et al. Persistence of Positive RT-PCR Results for Over 70 Days in Two Travelers with COVID-19. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 1-2
- 17 Wang X, Huang K, Jiang H. et al. Long-Term Existence of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Patients: Host Immunity, Viral Virulence, and Transmissibility. Virol Sin 2020; 35: 793-802
- 18 Reuken PA, Stallmach A, Pletz MW. et al. Severe clinical relapse in an immunocompromised host with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Leukemia 2021; 35: 920-923
- 19 Hirotsu Y, Maejima M, Shibusawa M. et al. Analysis of a persistent viral shedding patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR, FilmArray Respiratory Panel v2.1, and antigen detection. J Infect Chemother 2021; 27: 406-409
- 20 Park SK, Lee CW, Park DI. et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Fecal Samples From Patients With Asymptomatic and Mild COVID-19 in Korea. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;
- 21 Arnold DT, Milne A, Stadon L. et al. Are vaccines safe in patients with Long COVID? A prospective observational study. medRxiv 2021;
- 22 Klok FA, Boon GJ, Barco S. et al. The Post-COVID-19 Functional Status scale: a tool to measure functional status over time after COVID-19. Eur Respir J 2020; 56: 2001494
- 23 Machado FVC, Meys R, Delbressine JM. et al. Construct validity of the Post-COVID-19 Functional Status Scale in adult subjects with COVID-19. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2021; 19: 40
- 24 Karlsson AC, Humbert M, Buggert M. The known unknowns of T cell immunity to COVID-19. Sci Immunol 2020; 5: eabe8063
- 25 Ehrenfeld M, Tincani A, Andreoli L. et al. Covid-19 and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19: 102597
- 26 Kazemian N, Kao D, Pakpour S. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation during and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22: 3004
- 27 Zuo T, Zhan H, Zhang F. et al. Alterations in Fecal Fungal Microbiome of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization until Discharge. Gastroenterology 2020; 159: 1302-1310 e1305
- 28 Zuo T, Zhang F, Lui GCY. et al. Alterations in Gut Microbiota of Patients With COVID-19 During Time of Hospitalization. Gastroenterology 2020; 159: 944-955 e948
- 29 Zuo Y, Estes SK, Ali RA. et al. Prothrombotic autoantibodies in serum from patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12: eabd3876
- 30 Elkon K, Casali P. Nature and functions of autoantibodies. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008; 4: 491-498
- 31 Guo Q, Wang Y, Xu D. et al. Rheumatoid arthritis: pathological mechanisms and modern pharmacologic therapies. Bone Res 2018; 6: 15
- 32 Liu R, Wang Y, Li J. et al. Decreased T cell populations contribute to the increased severity of COVID-19. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 508: 110-114
- 33 Hu F, Chen F, Ou Z. et al. A compromised specific humoral immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain is related to viral persistence and periodic shedding in the gastrointestinal tract. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17: 1119-1125
- 34 Liu B, Han J, Cheng X. et al. Reduced numbers of T cells and B cells correlates with persistent SARS-CoV-2 presence in non-severe COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 17718
- 35 Mandal S, Barnett J, Brill SE. et al. ‘Long-COVID’: a cross-sectional study of persisting symptoms, biomarker and imaging abnormalities following hospitalisation for COVID-19. Thorax 2020;
- 36 Zhao YM, Shang YM, Song WB. et al. Follow-up study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 25: 100463
- 37 Townsend L, Dyer AH, Jones K. et al. Persistent fatigue following SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and independent of severity of initial infection. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0240784
- 38 DEGAM. Leitlinie Müdigkeit. 2020 https://www.degam.de/files/Inhalte/Leitlinien-Inhalte/Dokumente/DEGAM-S3-Leitlinien/053-002_Leitlinie%20Muedigkeit/Zusatzmodule%20Beratung%20%28Aerzte%29_2011/Schlafprotokoll_180125.pdf
- 39 DEGAM. Leitlinie Schwindel. https://www.degam.de/files/Inhalte/Leitlinien-Inhalte/Dokumente/DEGAM-S3-Leitlinien/053-018_Akuter%20Schwindel%20in%20der%20Hausarztpraxis/053-018L_Akuter%20Schwindel%20in%20der%20Hausarztpraxis_redakt%20ueberarbeitet_20-4-2018.pdf
- 40 DEGAM. Leitlinie Husten. 2014 https://www.degam.de/files/Inhalte/Leitlinien-Inhalte/Dokumente/DEGAM-S3-Leitlinien/Leitlinien-Entwuerfe/053-013_Husten/Kurzversion_Akuter%20Husten_20140320.pdf
- 41 DEGAM. Leitlinie Schutz vor Über- und Unterversorgung – gemeinsam entscheiden. 2021 https://www.degam.de/files/Inhalte/Leitlinien-Inhalte/Dokumente/DEGAM-S2-Leitlinien/053-045%20Schutz%20vor%20Ueber-und%20Unterversorgung/Publikationsdokumente/053-045l_S2e%20Schutz%20vor%20ÜberUnterversorgung%20_2021.pdf
- 42 Nacul L, Authier FJ, Scheibenbogen C. et al. European Network on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (EUROMENE): Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Service Provision, and Care of People with ME/CFS in Europe. Medicina 2021; 57: 510
- 43 Centre NG. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy)/chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnosis and management. 2021 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-ng10091
- 44 Mitchell L. COVID in the older adult. 2020 https://www.bgs.org.uk/sites/default/files/content/attachment/2020-06-02/COVID19intheolderadultposterFINAL.pdf
- 45 Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y. et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet 2021; 397: 220-232
- 46 Stavem K, Ghanima W, Olsen MK. et al. Prevalence and Determinants of Fatigue after COVID-19 in Non-Hospitalized Subjects: A Population-Based Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 2030
- 47 Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T. et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med 2021; 27: 626-631
- 48 Nacul L, Authier FJ, Scheibenbogen C. et al. European Network on Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (EUROMENE): Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis, Service Provision, and Care of People with ME/CFS in Europe. Medicina (Kaunas) 2021; 57: 510
- 49 Basta F, Margiotta DPE, Vadacca M. et al. Is fatigue a cause of work disability in systemic lupus erythematosus? Results from a systematic literature review. . Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22: 4589-4597
- 50 Arnaud L, Gavand PE, Voll R. et al. Predictors of fatigue and severe fatigue in a large international cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and a systematic review of the literature. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2019; 58: 987-996
- 51 Unger ER, Lin JS, Brimmer DJ. et al. CDC Grand Rounds: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Advancing Research and Clinical Education. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016; 65: 1434-1438
- 52 Komaroff AL, Bateman L. Will COVID-19 Lead to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome?. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 606824
- 53 Penner IK, Paul F. Fatigue as a symptom or comorbidity of neurological diseases. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13: 662-675
- 54 Raman B, Cassar MP, Tunnicliffe EM. et al. Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple vital organs, exercise capacity, cognition, quality of life and mental health, post-hospital discharge. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 31: 100683
- 55 Stussman B, Williams A, Snow J. et al. Characterization of Post-exertional Malaise in Patients With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Front Neurol 2020; 11: 1025
- 56 Nath A. Long-Haul COVID. Neurology 2020; 95: 559-560
- 57 Rudroff T, Fietsam AC, Deters JR. et al. Post-COVID-19 Fatigue: Potential Contributing Factors. Brain Sci 2020; 10: 1012
- 58 Criado PR, Abdalla BMZ, de Assis IC. et al. Are the cutaneous manifestations during or due to SARS-CoV-2 infection/COVID-19 frequent or not? Revision of possible pathophysiologic mechanisms. Inflamm Res 2020; 69: 745-756
- 59 Silva Andrade B, Siqueira S, de Assis Soares WR. et al. Long-COVID and Post-COVID Health Complications: An Up-to-Date Review on Clinical Conditions and Their Possible Molecular Mechanisms. Viruses 2021; 13: 700
- 60 Peiris S, Mesa H, Aysola A. et al. Pathological findings in organs and tissues of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0250708
- 61 Esen-Salman K, Akin-Cakici O, Kardes S. et al. Public interest in dermatologic symptoms, conditions, treatments, and procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from Google Trends. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34: e14895
- 62 Kashetsky N, Mukovozov IM, Bergman J. Chilblain-Like Lesions (CLL) Associated With COVID-19 (“COVID Toes”): A Systematic Review. J Cutan Med Surg 2021;
- 63 Baeck M, Herman A. COVID toes: where do we stand with the current evidence?. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 102: 53-55
- 64 Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C. et al. More Than 50 Long-Term Effects of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Res Sq 2021;
- 65 Krajewski PK, Maj J, Szepietowski JC. Cutaneous Hyperaesthesia in SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Rare but not Unique Clinical Manifestation. Acta Derm Venereol 2021; 101: adv00366
- 66 Kendziora B, Guertler A, Stander L. et al. Evaluation of hand hygiene and onset of hand eczema after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Munich. Eur J Dermatol 2020; 30: 668-673
- 67 Yilmaz MM, Szabolcs MJ, Geskin LJ. et al. An Autopsy Review: “COVID Toes”. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43: 554-555
- 68 Zaladonis A, Huang S, Hsu S. COVID toes or pernio?. Clin Dermatol 2020; 38: 764-767
- 69 Garg S, Garg M, Prabhakar N. et al. Unraveling the mystery of Covid-19 cytokine storm: From skin to organ systems. Dermatol Ther 2020;
- 70 Cazzato G, Foti C, Colagrande A. et al. Skin Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2: The Italian Experience. J Clin Med 2021; 10: 1566
- 71 Birlutiu V, Feiereisz AI, Oprinca G. et al. Cutaneous manifestations associated with anosmia, ageusia and enteritis in SARS-CoV-2 infection – a possible pattern? Observational study and review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis 2021;
- 72 Kaplan N, Gonzalez E, Peng H. et al. Emerging importance of ACE2 in external stratified epithelial tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021;
- 73 Li MY, Li L, Zhang Y. et al. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9: 45
- 74 Gisondi P, Piaserico S, Bordin C. et al. The safety profile of hydroxychloroquine: major cutaneous and extracutaneous adverse events. Clin Exp Rheumatol; 2021 PMID: 33635229
- 75 Martinez-Lopez A, Cuenca-Barrales C, Montero-Vilchez T. et al. Review of adverse cutaneous reactions of pharmacologic interventions for COVID-19: A guide for the dermatologist. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83: 1738-1748
- 76 Zahedi Niaki O, Anadkat MJ, Chen ST. et al. Navigating immunosuppression in a pandemic: A guide for the dermatologist from the COVID Task Force of the Medical Dermatology Society and Society of Dermatology Hospitalists. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83: 1150-1159
- 77 Landeck L, Sabat R, Ghoreschi K. et al. Immunotherapy in psoriasis. Immunotherapy 2021; 13: 605-619
- 78 Thanou A, Sawalha AH. SARS-CoV-2 and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23: 8
- 79 Peters EMJ, Muller Y, Snaga W. et al. Hair and stress: A pilot study of hair and cytokine balance alteration in healthy young women under major exam stress. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0175904
- 80 Peyravian N, Deo S, Daunert S. et al. The Inflammatory Aspect of Male and Female Pattern Hair Loss. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13: 879-881
- 81 Trüeb RM, Dutra Rezende H, Gavazzoni Dias MFR. What can the hair tell us about COVID‐19?. Experimental Dermatology 2021; 30: 288-290
- 82 Damm M, Schmitl L, Müller CA. et al. Diagnostik und Therapie von Riechstörungen. HNO 2019; 67: 274-281
- 83 Haehner A, Draf J, Dräger S. et al. Predictive Value of Sudden Olfactory Loss in the Diagnosis of COVID-19. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 2020; 82: 175-180
- 84 La Torre G, Massetti AP, Antonelli G. et al. Anosmia and Ageusia as Predictive Signs of COVID-19 in Healthcare Workers in Italy: A Prospective Case-Control Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 2870
- 85 Parma V, Ohla K, Veldhuizen MG. et al. More than smell – COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis. Chem Senses 2020; 45: 609-622
- 86 Whitcroft KL, Hummel T. Clinical Diagnosis and Current Management Strategies for Olfactory Dysfunction: A Review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 145: 846-853
- 87 Zou LQ, Linden L, Cuevas M. et al. Self-reported mini olfactory questionnaire (Self-MOQ): A simple and useful measurement for the screening of olfactory dysfunction. Laryngoscope 2020; 130: E786-E790
- 88 Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR. et al. ‘Sniffin’ sticks’: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses 1997; 22: 39-52
- 89 Doty RL, Shaman P, Dann M. Development of the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test: a standardized microencapsulated test of olfactory function. Physiol Behav 1984; 32: 489-502
- 90 Dietz A, Haxel B, Müller A. et al. Handlungsempfehlungen DGHNO-KHC und BVHNO für die HNO-Elektiv-/nicht notfallmäßige Behandlung zu Corona-Zeiten. Laryngorhinootologie 2020; 99: 365-369
- 91 Vaira LA, Salzano G, Petrocelli M. et al. Validation of a self-administered olfactory and gustatory test for the remotely evaluation of COVID-19 patients in home quarantine. Head Neck 2020; 42: 1570-1576
- 92 Spoldi C, Castellani L, Pipolo C. et al. Isolated olfactory cleft involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection: prevalence and clinical correlates. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 278: 557-560
- 93 Chetrit A, Lechien JR, Ammar A. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of COVID-19 anosmic patients reveals abnormalities of the olfactory bulb: Preliminary prospective study. J Infect 2020; 81: 816-846
- 94 Le Guennec L, Devianne J, Jalin L. et al. Orbitofrontal involvement in a neuroCOVID-19 patient. Epilepsia 2020; 61: e90-e94
- 95 Isenmann S, Haehner A, Hummel T. Störungen der Chemosensorik bei Covid-19: Pathomechanismen und klinische Relevanz. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2021; 89: 281-288
- 96 Damm M, Hüttenbrink KB, Hummel T. et al. AWMF Leitlinien “Riech- und Schmeckstörungen”. 2017 Verfügbar unter (Stand: 15.06.2021): https://wwwawmforg/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/017-050l_S2k_Riech-und-Schmeckst%C3%B6rungen_2017-03pdf
- 97 Huart C, Philpott CM, Altundag A. et al. Systemic corticosteroids in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related smell dysfunction: an international view. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 11: 1041-1046
- 98 Hong SC, Holbrook EH, Leopold DA. et al. Distorted olfactory perception: a systematic review. Acta Otolaryngol 2012; 132 (Suppl. 01) S27-S31
- 99 Croy I, Nordin S, Hummel T. Olfactory disorders and quality of life--an updated review. Chem Senses 2014; 39: 185-194
- 100 Isenmann S, Haehner A, Hummel T. Störungen der Chemosensorik bei Covid-19: Pathomechanismen und klinische Relevanz. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2021; 89: 281-288
- 101 Tazare J, Walker AJ, Tomlinson L. et al. Rates of serious clinical outcomes in survivors of hospitalisation with COVID-19: a descriptive cohort study within the OpenSAFELY platform. medRxiv 2021;
- 102 Al-Aly Z, Xie Y, Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature 2021; 594: 259-264
- 103 Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I. et al. Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol 2020; 5: 1265-1273
- 104 Kotecha T, Knight DS, Razvi Y. et al. Patterns of myocardial injury in recovered troponin-positive COVID-19 patients assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J 2021; 42: 1866-1878
- 105 Flerlage T, Boyd DF, Meliopoulos V. et al. Influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2: pathogenesis and host responses in the respiratory tract. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19: 425-441
- 106 Rass V, Beer R, Schiefecker AJ. et al. Neurological outcome and quality of life 3 months after COVID‐19: A prospective observational cohort study. Eur J Neurol 2021;
- 107 Kim J-W, Abdullayev N, Neuneier J. et al. Post-COVID-19 encephalomyelitis. Neurol Res Pract 2021; 3: 18
- 108 Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A. et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID-rehabilitation unit experience. Plos one 2021; 16: e0246590
- 109 Pistarini C, Fiabane E, Houdayer E. et al. Cognitive and emotional disturbances due to COVID-19: an exploratory study in the rehabilitation setting. Front Neurol 2021; 12: 643646
- 110 Kandemirli SG, Altundag A, Yildirim D. et al. Olfactory bulb MRI and paranasal sinus CT findings in persistent COVID-19 anosmia. Acad Radiol 2021; 28: 28-35
- 111 Hosp JA, Dressing A, Blazhenets G. et al. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain 2021; 144: 1263-1276
- 112 Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C. et al. More Than 50 Long-Term Effects of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. medRxiv 2021;
- 113 Clauw DJ, Häuser W, Cohen SP. et al. Considering the potential for an increase in chronic pain after the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain 2020; 161: 1694-1697
- 114 Derksen V, Kissel T, Lamers-Karnebeek FBG. et al. Onset of rheumatoid arthritis after COVID-19: coincidence or connected?. Ann Rheum Dis 2021;
- 115 Uygun Ö, Ertaş M, Ekizoğlu E. et al. Headache characteristics in COVID-19 pandemic-a survey study. J Headache Pain 2020; 21: 121
- 116 COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. Excellence NIfHaC. Im Internet (Stand: 04.04.2021): https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng188
- 117 Buonsenso D, Munblit D, De Rose C. et al. Preliminary Evidence on Long COVID in children. medRxiv 2021;
- 118 Ludvigsson JF. Case report and systematic review suggest that children may experience similar long-term effects to adults after clinical COVID-19. Acta Paediatr (Oslo, Norway: 1992) 2021; 110: 914-921
- 119 Peny V, Valind A. Re: Case reports and systematic review suggest that children may experience similar long-term effects to adults after clinical COVID-19. Acta Paediatr (Oslo, Norway: 1992) 2021; 110: 1372
- 120 Harwood R, Allin B, Jones CE. et al. A national consensus management pathway for paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with COVID-19 (PIMS-TS): results of a national Delphi process. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 2021; 5: 133-141
- 121 Chevinsky JR, Tao G, Lavery AM. et al. Late conditions diagnosed 1-4 months following an initial COVID-19 encounter: a matched cohort study using inpatient and outpatient administrative data – United States, March 1–June 30, 2020. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73 (Suppl 1): S5-S16
- 122 Molteni E, Sudre CH, Canas LS. et al. Illness duration and symptom profile in a large cohort of symptomatic UK school-aged children tested for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv 2021;
- 123 Miller F, Nguyen V, Navaratnam AM. et al. Prevalence of persistent symptoms in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from a household cohort study in England and Wales. medRxiv 2021;
- 124 Buonsenso D, Espuny Pujol F, Munblit D. et al. Clinical characteristics, activity levels and mental health problems in children with Long COVID: a survey of 510 children. medRxiv 2021; Now published in Acta Paediatrica: doi:10.1111/apa.15870
- 125 Moeller A, Thanikkel L, Duijts L. et al. COVID-19 in children with underlying chronic respiratory diseases: survey results from 174 centres. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6: 00409-2020
- 126 Sobelman CS, Valentine SL, Kremer T. Management of COVID-19 in an adolescent demonstrates lasting effects of extreme prematurity on pulmonary function. Respir Med Case Rep 2021; 33: 101394
- 127 Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y. et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020; 382: 1708-1720
- 128 Statistics O.f.N. Statistical Bulletin. 2021 Verfügbar unter (Stand 9.6.2021): https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/4june2021
- 129 Townsend L, Dowds J, OʼBrien K. et al. Persistent Poor Health Post-COVID-19 Is Not Associated with Respiratory Complications or Initial Disease Severity. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18: 997-1003
- 130 Laviolette L, Laveneziana P. Dyspnoea: a multidimensional and multidisciplinary approach. Eur Respir J 2014; 43: 1750-1762
- 131 Hives L, Bradley A, Richards J. et al. Can physical assessment techniques aid diagnosis in people with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis? A diagnostic accuracy study.. BMJ open 2017; 7: e017521
- 132 Mardani M. Post COVID syndrome. Arch Clin Infect Dis 2020; 15: e108819
- 133 Yi Y, Lagniton PN, Ye S. et al. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16: 1753-1766
- 134 Heidbreder A, Sonnweber T, Stefani A. et al. Video-polysomnographic findings after acute COVID-19: REM sleep without atonia as sign of CNS pathology?. Sleep Med 2021; 80: 92-95
- 135 Yong SJ. Persistent Brainstem Dysfunction in Long-COVID: A Hypothesis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12: 573-580
- 136 Vitti-Ruela BV, Dokkedal-Silva V, Rosa DS. et al. Possible sequelae in post-SARS-CoV-2 patients: effects on sleep and general health condition. Sleep Breath 2021; 25: 963-964
- 137 Kardos P, Dinh QT, Fuchs KH. et al. [Guidelines of the German Respiratory Society for Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults Suffering from Acute, Subacute and Chronic Cough]. Pneumologie 2019; 73: 143-180
- 138 Copin M-C, Parmentier E, Duburcq T. et al. Time to consider histologic pattern of lung injury to treat critically ill patients with COVID-19 infection. Intensive Care Med 2020; 46: 1124-1126
- 139 Han X, Fan Y, Alwalid O. et al. Six-month follow-up chest CT findings after severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Radiology 2021; 299: E177-E186
- 140 Daher A, Balfanz P, Cornelissen C. et al. Follow up of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease sequelae. Respir Med 2020; 174: 106197
- 141 Remy-Jardin M, Duthoit L, Perez T. et al. Assessment of pulmonary arterial circulation 3 months after hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: Dual-energy CT (DECT) angiographic study in 55 patients. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 34: 100778
- 142 Engelen MM, Vandenbriele C, Balthazar T. et al. Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Discharged after COVID-19 Hospitalization. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47: 362-371
- 143 Dhawan RT, Gopalan D, Howard L. et al. Beyond the clot: perfusion imaging of the pulmonary vasculature after COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2020;
- 144 Behr J, Günther A, Bonella F. et al. S2K-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik der idiopathischen Lungenfibrose. Pneumologie 2020; 74: 263-293
- 145 Fink L, Jonigk D. Die aktualisierte S2k-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik der idiopathischen Lungenfibrose. Der Pathologe 2021; 1-8
- 146 Sonnweber T, Sahanic S, Pizzini A. et al. Cardiopulmonary recovery after COVID-19 – an observational prospective multi-center trial. Eur Respir J 2021; 57: 2003481
- 147 Dicpinigaitis PV, Spinner L, Santhyadka G. et al. Effect of tiotropium on cough reflex sensitivity in acute viral cough. Lung 2008; 186: 369-374
- 148 Peters EMJ, Schedlowski M, Watzl C. et al. [Can Stress Interact with SARS-CoV-2? A Narrative Review with a Focus on Stress-Reducing Interventions that may Improve Defence against COVID-19]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2021; 71: 61-71
- 149 Alpert O, Begun L, Garren P. et al. Cytokine storm induced new onset depression in patients with COVID-19. A new look into the association between depression and cytokines – two case reports. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 9: 100173
- 150 Tremblay ME, Madore C, Bordeleau M. et al. Neuropathobiology of COVID-19: The Role for Glia. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14: 592214
- 151 Chrousos GP, Kaltsas G. Post-SARS sickness syndrome manifestations and endocrinopathy: how, why, and so what?. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63: 363-365
- 152 Kwek SK, Chew WM, Ong KC. et al. Quality of life and psychological status in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome at 3 months postdischarge. J Psychosom Res 2006; 60: 513-519
- 153 Lam MH, Wing YK, Yu MW. et al. Mental morbidities and chronic fatigue in severe acute respiratory syndrome survivors: long-term follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 2142-2147
- 154 Leow MK, Kwek DS, Ng AW. et al. Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005; 63: 197-202
- 155 Mak IW, Chu CM, Pan PC. et al. Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2009; 31: 318-326
- 156 Yuan K, Gong YM, Liu L. et al. Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder after infectious disease pandemics in the twenty-first century, including COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Mol Psychiatry 2021;
- 157 Weerahandi H, Hochman KA, Simon E. et al. Post-Discharge Health Status and Symptoms in Patients with Severe COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med 2021; 36: 738-745
- 158 Janiri D, Carfi A, Kotzalidis GD. et al. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients After Severe COVID-19 Infection. JAMA Psychiatry 2021; 78: 567-569
- 159 Zhao YJ, Jin Y, Rao WW. et al. The prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities during the SARS and COVID-19 epidemics: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Affect Disord 2021; 287: 145-157
- 160 Ahmed H, Patel K, Greenwood DC. et al. Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med 2020; 52: jrm00063
- 161 Taquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR. et al. Disentangling the complex bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder – Authorsʼ reply. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8: 179
- 162 Taquet M, Luciano S, Geddes JR. et al. Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8: 130-140
- 163 Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C. et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89: 594-600
- 164 Halpin SJ, McIvor C, Whyatt G. et al. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: A cross-sectional evaluation. J Med Virol 2021; 93: 1013-1022
- 165 Wang PR, Oyem PC, Viguera AC. Prevalence of psychiatric morbidity following discharge after COVID-19 hospitalization. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 69: 131-132
- 166 De Lorenzo R, Conte C, Lanzani C. et al. Residual clinical damage after COVID-19: A retrospective and prospective observational cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0239570
- 167 Rovere Querini P, De Lorenzo R, Conte C. et al. Post-COVID-19 follow-up clinic: depicting chronicity of a new disease. Acta Biomed 2020; 91: 22-28
- 168 Zhou M, Cai J, Sun W. et al. Do Post-COVID-19 symptoms exist? A longitudinal study of COVID-19 sequelae in Wenzhou, China. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 2021;
- 169 Watson CJ, Thomas RH, Solomon T. et al. COVID-19 and psychosis risk: Real or delusional concern?. Neurosci Lett 2021; 741: 135491
- 170 Sammet I, Himmighoffen H, Brucker J. et al. [OPD in the hospital: an algorithm for structuring the diagnostic process with the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics OPD-2]. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2012; 58: 282-298
- 171 Wittchen HU, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S. et al. SKID I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Achse I: Psychische Störungen. Interviewheft und Beurteilungsheft. Eine deutschsprachige, erweiterte Bearb. d. amerikanischen Originalversion des SKID I. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 1997
- 172 Zheng Y, Wang L, Zhu Y. et al. Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy on mood and quality of life for patients with COVID-19: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100: e25512
- 173 Spielmanns M, Pekacka-Egli AM, Schoendorf S. et al. Effects of a Comprehensive Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Severe Post-COVID-19 Patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 2695
- 174 Gloeckl R, Leitl D, Jarosch I. et al. Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in COVID-19: a prospective observational cohort study. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7: 00108-2021
- 175 Schlitt A, Schultz K, Platz T. AWMF-Leitlinie: Rehabilitation nach einer COVID-19-Erkrankung. Dtsch Ärztebl 2021; 118: A774
- 176 Al Chikhanie Y, Veale D, Schoeffler M. et al. Effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in COVID-19 respiratory failure patients post-ICU. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 287: 103639
- 177 Gloeckl R, Leitl D, Jarosch I. et al. Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation in COVID-19: a prospective observational cohort study. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7: 00108-2021
- 178 Frommhold J. Spezifische pneumologische Post-Corona-Rehabilitation. Ärzteblatt Mecklenburg Vorpommern 2021; 01: 5-10
- 179 Desai SV, Law TJ, Needham DM. Long-term complications of critical care. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: 371-379
- 180 Needham DM, Davidson J, Cohen H. et al. Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholdersʼ conference. Crit Care Med 2012; 40: 502-509
- 181 Saccheri C, Morawiec E, Delemazure J. et al. ICU-acquired weakness, diaphragm dysfunction and long-term outcomes of critically ill patients. Ann Intensive Care 2020; 10: 1
- 182 Pistarini C, Fiabane E, Houdayer E. et al. Cognitive and emotional disturbances due to COVID-19: an exploratory study in the rehabilitation setting. Front Neurol 2021; 12: 643646
- 183 Piquet V, Luczak C, Seiler F. et al. Do Patients With COVID-19 Benefit from Rehabilitation? Functional Outcomes of the First 100 Patients in a COVID-19 Rehabilitation Unit. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 102: 1067-1074
- 184 Pincherle A, Jöhr J, Pancini L. et al. Intensive Care Admission and Early Neuro-Rehabilitation. Lessons for COVID-19?. Front Neurol 2020; 11: 880
- 185 Kedor C, Freitag H, Meyer-Arndt L. et al. Chronic COVID-19/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) following the first pandemic wave in Germany and biomarkers associated with symptom severity. 2021 https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-384347/v1_covered.pdf?c=1621543572
- 186 Boukhris M, Hillani A, Moroni F. et al. Cardiovascular implications of the COVID-19 pandemic: a global perspective. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2020; 36: 1068-1080
- 187 Völler H, Schwaab B. Kardiologische Rehabilitation. Der Kardiologe 2020; 14: 106-112
- 188 AWMF. S2k-LL SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 und (Früh-). 2020 https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/080-008l_S2k_SARS-CoV-2_COVID-19_und__Fr%C3%BCh-__Rehabilitation_2020-11.pdf
- 189 Pelliccia A, Solberg EE, Papadakis M. et al. Recommendations for participation in competitive and leisure time sport in athletes with cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, and pericarditis: position statement of the Sport Cardiology Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). Eur Heart J 2019; 40: 19-33
- 190 Schellhorn P, Klingel K, Burgstahler C. Return to sports after COVID-19 infection. Eur Heart J 2020; 41: 4382-4384
- 191 Hopkins C, Surda P, Vaira LA. et al. Six month follow-up of self-reported loss of smell during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rhinology 2021; 59: 26-31
- 192 Otte MS, Bork ML, Zimmermann PH. et al. Persisting olfactory dysfunction improves in patients 6 months after COVID-19 disease. Acta Otolaryngol 2021; 141: 626-629
- 193 DEGAM. Leitlinie Insomnie. 2017 https://www.degam.de/files/Inhalte/Leitlinien-Inhalte/Dokumente/Interdisziplinaere%20Leitlinien/063-003_Insomnie/063-003_DEGAM%20Anwenderversion_17-06-2017.pdf
- 194 Häuser W, Bock F, Hüppe M. et al. Empfehlungen der zweiten Aktualisierung der Leitlinie LONTS. Der Schmerz 2020; 34: 204-244
- 195 Carfi A, Bernabei R, Landi F. et al. Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19. JAMA 2020; 324: 603-605
- 196 Goërtz YM, Van Herck M, Delbressine JM. et al. Persistent symptoms 3 months after a SARS-CoV-2 infection: the post-COVID-19 syndrome?. ERJ Open Res 2020; 06: 00542-2020
- 197 Halpin S, OʼConnor R, Sivan M. Long COVID and chronic COVID syndromes. J Med Virol 2021; 93: 1242-1243
- 198 Cares-Marambio K, Montenegro-Jimenez Y, Torres-Castro R. et al. Prevalence of potential respiratory symptoms in survivors of hospital admission after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chron Respir Dis 2021; 18
- 199 Sivan M, Taylor S. NICE guideline on long covid. BMJ 2020; 371: m4938
- 200 Research NIoH. Living with COVID-19 – Second review – a dynamic review of the evidence around ongoing Covid19 (often called Long Covid). 2021 https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/themedreview/living-with-covid19-second-review/